limitations
on owners of beneficial interests in a global security
representing a series of preferred stock may be described in the related
prospectus supplement.
Description
Of Series B Preferred Stock
Our
Board of Directors has adopted articles supplementary to our charter
establishing the number and fixing the terms, designations, powers, preferences,
rights, limitations and restrictions of a series of preferred stock designated
the 9.75% Series B Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock. The Series B Preferred
Stock is listed on the New York Stock Exchange.
Ranking.
The Series B Preferred Stock, with
respect to distribution rights and the distribution of assets upon our
liquidation, dissolution or winding up, ranks (i) senior to all classes or
series of our common stock and to all equity securities the terms of which
specifically provide that such equity securities rank junior to the Series
B
Preferred Stock; (ii) on a parity with the 8.05% Series C Cumulative Redeemable
Preferred Stock and all equity securities issued by us other than those referred
to in clauses (i) and (iii); and (iii) junior to all equity securities issued
by
us the terms of which specifically provide that such equity securities rank
senior to such Series B Preferred Stock. The term “equity securities” shall not
include convertible debt securities.
Distributions.
Holders of Series B Preferred
Stock are entitled to receive, when and as authorized by our board of directors,
out of legally available funds, cumulative preferential cash distributions
at
the rate of 9.75% of the liquidation preference per annum, which is equivalent
to $2.4375 per share of Series B Preferred Stock per year. Distributions
on the
Series B Preferred Stock cumulate from the date of original issuance (March
18,
2003) and are payable quarterly in arrears on January 31, April 30, July
31 and
October 31 of each year, or, if not a business day, the next succeeding business
day.
Liquidation
Preference. Upon any voluntary or
involuntary liquidation, dissolution or winding up of us, holders of Series
B
Preferred Stock are entitled to receive out of our assets available for
distribution to shareholders (after payment or provision for all of our debts
and other liabilities) a liquidating distribution in the amount of a liquidation
preference of $25.00 per share, plus any accumulated and unpaid distributions
to
the date of payment, whether or not authorized, before any distribution of
assets is made to holders of our common stock and any other shares of our
equity
securities ranking junior to the Series B Preferred Stock as to liquidation
rights.
Redemption.
Except in certain circumstances
relating to the preservation of our status as a REIT for federal income tax
purposes, the Series B Preferred Stock will not be redeemable prior to March
18,
2008. On or after March 18, 2008, we, at our option, upon giving of notice,
may
redeem the Series B Preferred Stock, in whole or from time to time in part
(unless we are in arrears on the distributions on the Series B Preferred
Stock,
in which case we can only redeem in whole), for cash, at a redemption price
of
$25.00 per share, plus all accumulated and unpaid distributions to the date
of
redemption, whether or not authorized.
Maturity.
The Series B Preferred Stock does not
have a stated maturity and is not subject to any sinking fund or mandatory
redemption provisions.
Voting
Rights. Holders of Series B Preferred
Stock do not have any voting rights, except that if distributions on the
Series
B Preferred Stock are in arrears for six or more quarterly periods, then
holders
of Series B Preferred Stock shall be entitled to elect two additional directors.
In addition, so long as any Series B Preferred Stock remains outstanding,
subject to limited exceptions, we will be required to obtain approval of
at
least two-thirds of the then-outstanding Series B Preferred Stock in order
to
(a) authorize, create or increase the authorized or issued amount of any
class
or series of equity securities ranking senior to the Series B Preferred Stock
with respect to certain rights, or create, authorize or issue any obligation
or
security convertible into any such senior securities; or (b) amend, alter
or
repeal our charter in a way that materially and adversely affects the Series
B
Preferred Stock.
Conversion.
The Series B Preferred Stock is not
convertible into or exchangeable for our property or securities.
Description
Of Series C Preferred Stock
Our
Board of Directors has adopted articles supplementary to our charter
establishing the number and fixing the terms, designations, powers, preferences,
rights, limitations and restrictions of a series of preferred stock designated
the 8.05% Series C Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock. The Series C Preferred
Stock is listed on the New York Stock Exchange.
Ranking.
The Series C Preferred Stock, with
respect to distribution rights and the distribution of assets upon our
liquidation, dissolution or winding up, ranks (i) senior to all classes or
series of our common stock and to all equity securities the terms of which
specifically provide that such equity securities rank junior to the Series
C
Preferred Stock; (ii) on a parity with the 9.75% Series B Cumulative Redeemable
Preferred Stock and all other equity securities issued by us other than those
referred to in clauses (i) and (iii); and (iii) junior to all equity securities
issued by us the terms of which specifically provide that such equity securities
rank senior to such Series C Preferred Stock. The term “equity securities” shall
not include convertible debt securities.
Distributions.
Holders of Series C Preferred
Stock are entitled to receive, when and as authorized by our board of directors,
out of legally available funds, cumulative preferential cash distributions
at
the rate of 8.05% of the liquidation preference per annum, which is equivalent
to $2.0125 per share of Series C Preferred Stock per year. However, during
any
period of time that both (i) the Series C Preferred Stock is not listed on
the
NYSE or AMEX, or quoted on the NASDAQ, and (ii) we are not subject to the
reporting requirements of the Exchange Act, but shares of Series C Preferred
Stock are outstanding, we will increase the cumulative cash distributions
payable on the Series C Preferred Stock to a rate of 9.05% of the liquidation
preference per annum, which is equivalent to $2.2625 per share of Series
C
Preferred Stock per year. Distributions on the Series C Preferred Stock cumulate
from the date of original issuance (October 25, 2005) and are payable quarterly
in arrears on January 31, April 30, July 31 and October 31 of each year or,
if
not a business day, the next succeeding business day, commencing January
31,
2006.
Liquidation
Preference. Upon any voluntary or
involuntary liquidation, dissolution or winding up of us, holders of Series
C
Preferred Stock are entitled to receive out of our assets available for
distribution to shareholders (after payment or provision for all of our debts
and other liabilities) a liquidating distribution in the amount of a liquidation
preference of $25.00 per share, plus any accumulated and unpaid distributions
to
the date of payment, whether or not authorized, before any distribution of
assets is made to holders of our common stock and any other shares of our
equity
securities ranking junior to the Series C Preferred Stock as to liquidation
rights.
Regular
Redemption. Except in certain
circumstances relating to the preservation of our status as a REIT for federal
income tax purposes, the Series C Preferred Stock will not be redeemable
prior
to October 25, 2010. On or after October 25, 2010, we, at our option, upon
giving of notice, may redeem the Series C Preferred Stock, in whole or from
time
to time in part (unless we are in arrears on the distributions on the Series
C
Preferred Stock, in which case we can only redeem in whole), for cash, at
a
redemption price of $25.00 per share, plus all accumulated and unpaid
distributions to the date of redemption, whether or not authorized.
Special
Redemption. If at any time both (i) the
Series C Preferred Stock ceases to be listed on the NYSE or the AMEX, or
quoted
on the NASDAQ, and (ii) the Company ceases to be subject to the reporting
requirements of the Exchange Act, but shares of Series C Preferred Stock
are
outstanding, the Company will have the option to redeem the Series C Preferred
Stock, in whole but not in part, within 90 days of the date upon which the
Series C Preferred Stock ceases to be listed and the Company ceases to be
subject to such reporting requirements, for cash at $25.00 per share, plus
accumulated and unpaid distributions, if any, to the redemption
date.
Maturity.
The Series C Preferred Stock does not
have a stated maturity and is not subject to any sinking fund or mandatory
redemption provisions.
Voting
Rights. Holders of Series C Preferred
Stock do not have any voting rights, except that if distributions on the
Series
C Preferred Stock are in arrears for six or more quarterly periods, then
holders
of Series C Preferred Stock shall be entitled to elect two additional directors.
In addition, so long as any Series C Preferred Stock remains outstanding,
subject to limited exceptions, we will be required to obtain approval of
at
least two-thirds of the then-outstanding Series C Preferred Stock in order
to
(a) authorize, create or increase the authorized or issued amount of any
class
or series of equity securities ranking senior to the Series C Preferred Stock
with respect to certain rights, or create, authorize or issue any obligation
or
security convertible into any such senior securities; or (b) amend, alter
or
repeal our charter in a way that materially and adversely affects the Series
C
Preferred Stock.
Conversion.
The Series C Preferred Stock is not
convertible into or exchangeable for our property or securities.
Power
to Reclassify Unissued Shares of Common and Preferred Stock
Our
charter authorizes our board of directors to classify and reclassify
any unissued shares of our common stock or preferred stock into other classes
or
series of stock. Prior to issuance of shares of each class or series, our
board
is required by Maryland law and by our charter to set, subject to our charter
restrictions on transfer of stock, the terms, preferences, conversion or
other
rights, voting powers, restrictions, limitations as to dividends or other
distributions, qualifications and terms or conditions of redemption for each
class or series. Therefore, our board could authorize the issuance of shares
of
another class or series of stock with terms and conditions more favorable
than
current terms, or which also could have the effect of delaying, deferring
or
preventing a transaction or a change in control that might involve a premium
price for holders of our common stock or otherwise be in their best interest.
Our board also could authorize the issuance of additional shares of our 9.75%
Series B Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock or 8.05% Series C Cumulative
Redeemable Preferred Stock.
Power
to Issue Additional Shares of Common and Preferred Stock
We
believe that the power to issue additional shares of common stock or
preferred stock and to classify or reclassify unissued shares of common stock
or
preferred stock and thereafter to issue the classified or reclassified shares
provides us with increased flexibility in structuring possible future financings
and acquisitions and in meeting other needs which might arise. These actions
can
be taken without stockholder approval, unless stockholder approval is required
by applicable law or the rules of any stock exchange or automated quotation
system on which our securities may be listed or traded. Although we have
no
present intention of doing so, we could issue a class or series of stock
that
could delay, defer or prevent a transaction or a change in control of us
that
might involve a premium price for holders of common stock or otherwise be
in
their best interest.
Stockholder
Rights Plan
Our
board of directors has adopted a stockholder rights agreement. The
adoption of the stockholder rights agreement could make it more difficult
for a
third party to acquire, or could discourage a third party from acquiring,
us or
a large block of our common stock.
Pursuant
to the terms of the stockholder rights agreement, our board of
directors declared a dividend distribution of one preferred stock purchase
right
for each outstanding share of common stock to stockholders of record at the
close of business on October 16, 2002. In addition, one preferred stock purchase
right will automatically attach to each share of common stock issued between
October 16, 2002 and the distribution date described below. Each preferred
stock
purchase right initially entitles the registered holder to purchase from
us a
unit consisting of one one-hundredth of a share, each a “rights
unit,”
of
Series A Junior Participating Preferred Stock, $0.01 par value
per share, the Series A Preferred Stock, at a purchase price of $70 per rights
unit, the purchase price, subject to adjustment.
Initially,
the preferred stock purchase rights are not exercisable and
are attached to and transfer and trade with, the outstanding shares of common
stock. The preferred stock purchase rights will separate from the common
stock
and will become exercisable upon the earliest of (i) the close of business
on
the tenth business day following the first public announcement that an acquiring
person has acquired beneficial ownership of 15% or more of the aggregate
outstanding shares of common stock, subject to certain exceptions, the date
of
said announcement being referred to as the stock acquisition date, or (ii)
the
close of business on the tenth business day (or such later date as our board
of
directors may determine) following the commencement of a tender offer or
exchange offer that would result upon its consummation in a person or group
becoming an acquiring person, the earlier of such dates being the distribution
date. For these purposes, a person will not be deemed to beneficially own
shares
of common stock which may be issued in exchange for rights units. The
stockholder rights agreement contains provisions that are designed to ensure
that the manager and its affiliates will never, alone, be considered a group
that is an acquiring person.
Until
the distribution date (or earlier redemption, exchange or
expiration of rights), (a) the rights will be evidenced by the common stock
certificates and will be transferred with and only with such common stock
certificates, (b) new common stock certificates issued after the record date
will contain a notation incorporating the stockholder rights agreement by
reference, and (c) the surrender for transfer of any certificates for common
stock outstanding will also constitute the transfer of the rights associated
with common stock represented by such certificate.
The
rights are not exercisable until the distribution date and will
expire ten years after the issuance thereof, on October 16, 2012, unless
such
date is extended or the rights are earlier redeemed or exchanged by us as
described below.
As
soon as practicable after the distribution date, rights certificates
will be mailed to holders of record of common stock as of the close of business
on the distribution date and, thereafter, the separate rights certificates
alone
will represent the rights. Except as otherwise determined by our board of
directors, only shares of common stock issued prior to the distribution date
will be issued with rights.
In
the event that a person becomes an acquiring person, except pursuant
to an offer for all outstanding shares of common stock which the independent
directors determine to be fair to, not inadequate and otherwise in our best
interests and the best interest of our stockholders, after receiving advice
from
one or more investment banking firms, a qualified offer, each holder of a
right
will thereafter have the right to receive, upon exercise, common stock (or,
in
certain circumstances, cash, property or other securities of ours) having
a
value equal to two times the exercise price of the right. The exercise price
is
the purchase price times the number of rights units associated with each
right.
Notwithstanding
any of the foregoing, following the occurrence of the
event set forth in this paragraph, all rights that are, or (under certain
circumstances specified in the rights agreement) were, beneficially owned
by any
acquiring person will be null and void. However, rights are not exercisable
following the occurrence of the event set forth above until such time as
the
rights are no longer redeemable by us as set forth below.
In
the event that, at any time following the stock acquisition date, (i)
we engage in a merger or other business combination transaction in which
we are
not the surviving corporation (other than with an entity which acquired the
shares pursuant to a qualified offer), (ii) we engage in a merger or other
business combination transaction in which we are the surviving corporation
and
our common stock changed or exchanged, or (iii) 50% or more of our assets,
cash
flow or earning power is sold or transferred, each holder of a right (except
rights which have previously been voided as set forth above) shall thereafter
have the right to receive, upon exercise, common stock of the acquiring company
having a
value
equal to two times the exercise price of the right. The events set
forth in this paragraph and in the preceding paragraph are referred to as
the
“triggering events.”
At
any time after a person becomes an acquiring person and prior to the
acquisition by such person or group of fifty percent (50%) or more of the
outstanding common stock, our board may exchange the rights (other than rights
owned by such person or group which have become void), in whole or in part,
at
an exchange ratio of one share of common stock, or one one-hundredth of a
share
of preferred stock (or of a share of a class or series of our preferred stock
having equivalent rights, preferences and privileges), per right (subject
to
adjustment).
We
may redeem the rights in whole, but not in part, at a price of $0.01
per right (payable in cash, common stock or other consideration deemed
appropriate by our board of directors) at any time until the earlier of (i)
the
close of business on the tenth business day after the stock acquisition date,
or
(ii) the expiration date of the rights agreement. Immediately upon the action
of
our board of directors ordering redemption of the rights, the rights will
terminate and thereafter the only right of the holders of rights will be
to
receive the redemption price.
The
rights agreement may be amended by our board of directors in its sole
discretion at any time prior to the distribution date. After the distribution
date, subject to certain limitations set forth in the rights agreement, our
board of directors may amend the rights agreement only to cure any ambiguity,
defect or inconsistency, to shorten or lengthen any time period, or to make
changes that do not adversely affect the interests of rights holders (excluding
the interests of an acquiring person or its associates or affiliates). The
foregoing notwithstanding, no amendment may be made at such time as the rights
are not redeemable.
Until
a right is exercised, the holder thereof, as such, will have no
rights as our stockholder, including, without limitation, the right to vote
or
to receive dividends. While the distribution of the rights will not be taxable
to stockholders or to us, stockholders may, depending upon the circumstances,
recognize taxable income in the event that the rights become exercisable
for
common stock, other securities of ours, other consideration or for common
stock
of an acquiring company or in the event of the redemption of the rights as
set
forth above.
A
copy of the rights agreement is available from us upon written request.
The foregoing description of the rights does not purport to be complete and
is
qualified in its entirety by reference to the rights agreement, which is
filed
as an exhibit to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a
part.
Dividend
Reinvestment Plan
We
may implement a dividend reinvestment plan whereby stockholders may
automatically reinvest their dividends in our common stock. Details about
any
such plan would be sent to our stockholders following adoption thereof by
our
board of directors.
Transfer
Agent and Registrar
The
transfer agent and registrar for our common stock and our Series B
Preferred Stock and Series C Preferred Stock is American Stock Transfer &
Trust Company, New York, New York. We will appoint a transfer agent, registrar
and dividend disbursement agent for any new series of preferred stock. The
registrar for the preferred stock will send notices to the holders of the
preferred stock of any meeting at which those holders will have the right
to
elect directors or to vote on any other matter.
Transfer
Restrictions
Our
charter contains restrictions on the number of shares of our stock
that a person may own. No person or entity may acquire or hold, directly
or
indirectly, (a) shares of our stock representing in excess
of
8% of the aggregate value of the outstanding shares of our stock,
treating all classes and series of our stock as one for this purpose, (b)
shares
of our Series B Preferred Stock representing in excess of 25% of the outstanding
shares of our Series B Preferred Stock, or (c) shares of our Series C Preferred
Stock representing in excess of 25% of the outstanding shares of our Series
C
Preferred Stock, in each case unless they receive an exemption from our board
of
directors.
Our
charter further prohibits (a) any person or entity from owning shares
of our stock that would result in our being “closely held” under Section 856(h)
of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Internal Revenue Code”)
or otherwise cause us to fail to qualify as a REIT and (b) any person or
entity
from transferring shares of our stock if the transfer would result in our
stock
being owned by fewer than 100 persons. Any person who acquires or intends
to
acquire shares of our stock that may violate any of these restrictions, or
who
is the intended transferee of shares of our stock which are transferred to
the
Trust, as defined below, is required to give us immediate written notice
and
provide us with such information as we may request in order to determine
the
effect of the transfer on our status as a REIT. The above restrictions will
not
apply if our board of directors determines that it is no longer in our best
interests to continue to qualify as a REIT.
Our
board of directors may exempt a person from these limits, subject to
such terms, conditions, representations and undertakings as it may determine
in
its sole discretion. Our board of directors has granted limited exemptions
to an
affiliate of our manager, a third party group of funds managed by Cohen &
Steers, and certain affiliates of these entities.
Any
attempted transfer or ownership of our stock which, if effective,
would result in violation of the above limitations, will cause the number
of
shares causing the violation (rounded to the nearest whole share) to be
automatically transferred to a trust (“Trust”) for the exclusive benefit of one
or more charitable beneficiaries (“Charitable Beneficiary”), and the proposed
holder will not acquire any rights in the shares. The automatic transfer
will be
deemed to be effective as of the close of business on the Business Day (as
defined in our charter) prior to the date of such violation. The shares
transferred to the Trust will generally be selected so as to minimize the
aggregate value of shares transferred to the Trust. Shares of our stock held
in
the Trust will be issued and outstanding shares. The proposed holder will
not
benefit economically from ownership of any shares of stock held in the Trust,
will have no rights to dividends and no rights to vote or other rights
attributable to the shares of stock held in the Trust. The trustee of the
Trust
will have all voting rights and rights to dividends or other distributions
with
respect to shares held in the Trust. These rights will be exercised for the
exclusive benefit of the Charitable Beneficiary. Any dividend or other
distribution paid prior to our discovery that shares of stock have been
transferred to the Trust will be paid by the recipient to the Trustee upon
demand. Any dividend or other distribution authorized but unpaid will be
paid
when due to the Trustee. Any dividend or distribution paid to the Trustee
will
be held in trust for the Charitable Beneficiary. Subject to Maryland law,
the
Trustee will have the authority (i) to rescind as void any vote cast by the
proposed holder prior to our discovery that the shares have been transferred
to
the Trust and (ii) to recast the vote in accordance with the desires of the
Trustee acting for the benefit of the Charitable Beneficiary. However, if
we
have already taken irreversible corporate action, then the Trustee will not
have
the authority to rescind and recast the vote. If necessary to protect our
status
as a REIT, we may establish additional Trusts with distinct Trustees and
Charitable Beneficiaries to which shares may be transferred.
Within
20 days of receiving notice from us that shares of our stock have
been transferred to the Trust, the Trustee will sell the shares to a person
designated by the Trustee, whose ownership of the shares will not violate
the
above ownership limitations. Upon the sale, the interest of the Charitable
Beneficiary in the shares sold will terminate and the Trustee will distribute
the net proceeds of the sale to the proposed holder and to the Charitable
Beneficiary as follows. The proposed holder will receive the lesser of (i)
the
price paid by the proposed holder for the shares or, if the proposed holder
did
not give value for the shares in connection with the event causing the shares
to
be held in the Trust (e.g., a gift, devise or other similar transaction),
the
Market Price (as defined in our charter) of the shares on the day of the
event
causing the shares to be held in the Trust and (ii) the price received by
the
Trustee from the sale
or
other disposition of the shares. Any net sale proceeds in excess of
the amount payable to the proposed holder will be paid immediately to the
Charitable Beneficiary. If, prior to our discovery that shares of our stock
have
been transferred to the Trust, the shares are sold by the proposed holder,
then
(i) the shares shall be deemed to have been sold on behalf of the Trust and
(ii)
to the extent that the proposed holder received an amount for the shares
that
exceeds the amount he or she was entitled to receive, the excess shall be
paid
to the Trustee upon demand.
In
addition, shares of our stock held in the Trust will be deemed to have
been offered for sale to us, or our designee, at a price per share equal
to the
lesser of (i) the price per share in the transaction that resulted in the
transfer to the Trust (or, in the case of a devise or gift, the Market Price
at
the time of the devise or gift) and (ii) the Market Price on the date we,
or our
designee, accept the offer. We will have the right to accept the offer until
the
Trustee has sold the shares. Upon a sale to us, the interest of the Charitable
Beneficiary in the shares sold will terminate and the Trustee will distribute
the net proceeds of the sale to the proposed holder.
If
an investor acquires an amount of stock that exceeds 8% of the number
of shares of a particular class, but is less than 8% of the aggregate value
of
our stock of all classes, subsequent fluctuations in the relative values
of our
different classes of stock could cause the investor’s ownership to exceed the 8%
ownership limitation, with the consequences described above.
All
certificates representing shares of our stock will bear a legend
referring to the restrictions described above.
Every
record owner of more than a specified percentage of our stock as
required by the Internal Revenue Code or the regulations promulgated thereunder
(which may be as low as 0.5% depending upon the number of stockholders of
record
of our stock), within 30 days after the end of each taxable year, is required
to
give us written notice, stating his name and address, the number of shares
of
each class and series of our stock which he or she beneficially owns and
a
description of the manner in which the shares are held. Each such owner shall
provide us with such additional information as we may request in order to
determine the effect, if any, of his beneficial ownership on our status as
a
REIT and to ensure compliance with the ownership limits. In addition, each
stockholder shall, upon demand, be required to provide us with such information
as we may request in good faith in order to determine our status as a REIT,
and
to comply with the requirements of any taxing authority or governmental
authority, or to determine such compliance.
These
ownership limits could delay, defer or prevent a transaction, or a
change in control, that might involve a premium price for our stock or otherwise
be in the best interest of the stockholders.
DESCRIPTION
OF DEPOSITARY SHARES
We
may issue depositary receipts representing interests in shares of
particular series of preferred stock which are called depositary shares.
We will
deposit the preferred stock of a series which is the subject of depositary
shares with a depositary, which will hold that preferred stock for the benefit
of the holders of the depositary shares, in accordance with a deposit agreement
between the depositary and us. The holders of depositary shares will be entitled
to all the rights and preferences of the preferred stock to which the depositary
shares relate, including dividend, voting, conversion, redemption and
liquidation rights, to the extent of their interests in that preferred stock.
While
the deposit agreement relating to a particular series of preferred
stock may have provisions applicable solely to that series of preferred stock,
all deposit agreements relating to preferred stock we issue will include
the
following provisions:
Dividends
and Other Distributions
Each
time we pay a cash dividend or make any other type of cash
distribution with regard to preferred stock of a series, the depositary will
distribute to the holder of record of each depositary share relating to that
series of preferred stock an amount equal to the dividend or other distribution
per depositary share the depositary receives. If there is a distribution
of
property other than cash, the depositary either will distribute the property
to
the holders of depositary shares in proportion to the depositary shares held
by
each of them, or the depositary will, if we approve, sell the property and
distribute the net proceeds to the holders of the depositary shares in
proportion to the depositary shares held by them.
Withdrawal
of Preferred Stock
A
holder of depositary shares will be entitled to receive, upon surrender
of depositary receipts representing depositary shares, the number of whole
or
fractional shares of the applicable series of preferred stock, and any money
or
other property, to which the depositary shares relate.
Redemption
of Depositary Shares
Whenever
we redeem shares of preferred stock held by a depositary, the
depositary will be required to redeem, on the same redemption date, depositary
shares constituting, in total, the number of shares of preferred stock held
by
the depositary which we redeem, subject to the depositary’s receiving the
redemption price of those shares of preferred stock. If fewer than all the
depositary shares relating to a series are to be redeemed, the depositary
shares
to be redeemed will be selected by lot or by another method we determine
to be
equitable.
Voting
Any
time we send a notice of meeting or other materials relating to a
meeting to the holders of a series of preferred stock to which depositary
shares
relate, we will provide the depositary with sufficient copies of those materials
so they can be sent to all holders of record of the applicable depositary
shares, and the depositary will send those materials to the holders of record
of
the depositary shares on the record date for the meeting. The depositary
will
solicit voting instructions from holders of depositary shares and will vote
or
not vote the preferred stock to which the depositary shares relate in accordance
with those instructions.
Liquidation
Preference
Upon
our liquidation, dissolution or winding up, the holder of each
depositary share will be entitled to what the holder of the depositary share
would have received if the holder had owned the number of shares (or fraction
of
a share) of preferred stock which is represented by the depositary share.
Conversion
If
shares of a series of preferred stock are convertible into common
stock or other of our securities or property, holders of depositary shares
relating to that series of preferred stock will, if they surrender depositary
receipts representing depositary shares and appropriate instructions to convert
them, receive the shares of common stock or other securities or property
into
which the number of shares (or fractions of shares) of preferred stock to
which
the depositary shares relate could at the time be converted.
Amendment
and Termination of a Deposit Agreement
We
and the depositary may amend a deposit agreement, except that an
amendment which materially and adversely affects the rights of holders of
depositary shares, or would be materially and adversely inconsistent with
the
rights granted to the holders of the preferred stock to which they relate,
must
be approved by holders of at least two-thirds of the outstanding depositary
shares. No amendment will impair the right of a holder of depositary shares
to
surrender the depositary receipts evidencing those depositary shares and
receive
the preferred stock to which they relate, except as required to comply with
law.
We may terminate a deposit agreement with the consent of holders of a majority
of the depositary shares to which it relates. Upon termination of a deposit
agreement, the depositary will make the whole or fractional shares of preferred
stock to which the depositary shares issued under the deposit agreement relate
available to the holders of those depositary shares. A deposit agreement
will
automatically terminate if:
All
outstanding depositary shares to which it relates have been redeemed
or converted.
The
depositary has made a final distribution to the holders of the
depositary shares issued under the deposit agreement upon our liquidation,
dissolution or winding up.
Miscellaneous
There
will be provisions: (1) requiring the depositary to forward to
holders of record of depositary shares any reports or communications from
us
which the depositary receives with respect to the preferred stock to which
the
depositary shares relate; (2) regarding compensation of the depositary; (3)
regarding resignation of the depositary; (4) limiting our liability and the
liability of the depositary under the deposit agreement (usually to failure
to
act in good faith, gross negligence or willful misconduct); and (5) indemnifying
the depositary against certain possible liabilities.
DESCRIPTION
OF WARRANTS
We
may issue warrants to purchase debt or equity securities. We may issue
warrants independently or together with any offered securities. The warrants
may
be attached to or separate from those offered securities. We will issue the
warrants under warrant agreements to be entered into between us and a bank
or
trust company, as warrant agent, all as described in the applicable prospectus
supplement. The warrant agent will act solely as our agent in connection
with
the warrants and will not assume any obligation or relationship of agency
or
trust for or with any holders or beneficial owners of warrants.
The
prospectus supplement relating to any warrants that we may offer will
contain the specific terms of the warrants. These terms may include the
following:
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the
title of the warrants;
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the
designation, amount and terms of the securities for which the
warrants are exercisable;
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the
designation and terms of the other securities, if any, with
which the warrants are to be issued and the number of warrants issued
with
each other security;
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the
price or prices at which the warrants will be issued;
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the
aggregate number of warrants;
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any
provisions for adjustment of the number or amount of securities
receivable upon exercise of the warrants or the exercise price of
the
warrants;
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the
price or prices at which the securities purchasable upon
exercise of the warrants may be purchased;
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if
applicable, the date on and after which the warrants and the
securities purchasable upon exercise of the warrants will be separately
transferable;
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if
applicable, a discussion of the material U.S. federal income tax
considerations applicable to the exercise of the warrants;
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any
other terms of the warrants, including terms, procedures and
limitations relating to the exchange and exercise of the warrants;
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the
date on which the right to exercise the warrants will commence,
and the date on which the right will expire;
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the
maximum or minimum number of warrants that may be exercised at
any time; and
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information
with respect to book-entry procedures, if any.
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Exercise
of Warrants
Each
warrant will entitle the holder of warrants to purchase for cash the
amount of debt or equity securities, at the exercise price stated or
determinable in the prospectus supplement for the warrants. Warrants may
be
exercised at any time up to the close of business on the expiration date
shown
in the applicable prospectus supplement, unless otherwise specified in such
prospectus supplement. After the close of business on the expiration date,
unexercised warrants will become void. Warrants may be exercised as described
in
the applicable prospectus supplement. When the warrant holder makes the payment
and properly completes and signs the warrant certificate at the corporate
trust
office of the warrant agent or any other office indicated in the prospectus
supplement, we will, as soon as possible, forward the debt or equity securities
that the warrant holder has purchased. If the warrant holder exercises the
warrant for less than all of the warrants represented by the warrant
certificate, we will issue a new warrant certificate for the remaining warrants.
IMPORTANT
PROVISIONS OF MARYLAND LAW
AND
OF OUR CHARTER AND BYLAWS
The
following description of the terms of our stock and of certain
provisions of Maryland law is only a summary. For a complete description,
we
refer you to the Maryland General Corporation Law, our charter and our bylaws.
We have filed our charter and bylaws as exhibits to the registration statement
of which this prospectus is a part.
Classification
of Our Board of Directors
Our
bylaws provide that the number of our directors may be established by
our board of directors but may not be fewer than the minimum required by
the
MGCL (which is currently one) nor more than fifteen. Any vacancy will be
filled,
at any regular meeting or at any special meeting called for that purpose,
by a
majority of the remaining directors, except that a vacancy resulting from
an
increase in the number of directors must be filled by a majority of the entire
board of directors.
Pursuant
to our charter, the board of directors is divided into three
classes of directors. The current terms of the Class I, Class II and Class
III
directors will expire in 2009, 2007 and 2008, respectively. Directors of
each
class will be chosen for three-year terms upon the expiration of their current
terms and each year one class of directors will be elected by the stockholders.
We believe that classification of the board of directors will help to assure
the
continuity and stability of our business strategies and policies as determined
by the board of directors. Holders of shares of our common stock will have
no
right to cumulative voting in the election of directors. At each annual meeting
of stockholders at which a quorum is present, board nominees are elected
by a
plurality of votes cast.
The
classified board provision could have the effect of making the
replacement of incumbent directors more time-consuming and difficult. At
least
two annual meetings of stockholders, instead of one, will generally be required
to effect a change in a majority of our board of directors. Thus, the classified
board provision could increase the likelihood that incumbent directors will
retain their positions. The staggered terms of directors may delay, defer
or
prevent a tender offer or an attempt to change the control of us, even though
the tender offer or change in control might be in the best interest of our
stockholders.
Removal
of Directors
Our
charter provides that, subject to the rights of any preferred stock,
a director may be removed only for cause (as defined in the charter) and
only by
the affirmative vote of at least two-thirds of the votes entitled to be cast
in
the election of directors. This provision, when coupled with the provision
in
our bylaws authorizing our board of directors to fill vacant directorships,
precludes stockholders from removing incumbent directors except for cause
and by
a substantial affirmative vote and filling the vacancies created by the removal
with their own nominees.
Business
Combinations
Under
Maryland law, “business combinations” between a Maryland
corporation and an interested stockholder or an affiliate of an interested
stockholder are prohibited for five years after the most recent date on which
the interested stockholder becomes an interested stockholder. These business
combinations include certain mergers, consolidations, share exchanges, or,
in
circumstances specified in the statute, an asset transfer or issuance or
reclassification of equity securities or a liquidation or dissolution. An
interested stockholder is defined as:
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any
person who beneficially owns 10% or more of the voting power of
the corporation’s outstanding shares; or
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an
affiliate or associate of the corporation who, at any time
within the two-year period prior to the date in question, was the
beneficial owner of 10% or more of the voting power of the then
outstanding voting stock of the corporation.
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A
person is not an interested stockholder under the statute if the board
of directors approved in advance the transaction by which he or she otherwise
would have become an interested stockholder. However, in approving a
transaction, the board of directors may provide that its approval is subject
to
compliance, at or after the time of approval, with any terms and conditions
determined by the board.
After
the five-year prohibition, any business combination between the
Maryland corporation and an interested stockholder generally must be recommended
by the board of directors of the corporation and approved by the affirmative
vote of at least:
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80%
of the votes entitled to be cast by holders of outstanding
shares of voting stock of the corporation voting together as a single
group; and
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two-thirds
of the votes entitled to be cast by holders of voting
stock of the corporation other than shares held by the interested
stockholder with whom or with whose affiliate the business combination
is
to be effected or held by an affiliate or associate of the interested
stockholder.
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These
super-majority vote requirements do not apply if the corporation’s
common stockholders receive a minimum price, as defined under Maryland law,
for
their shares in the form of cash or other consideration in the same form
as
previously paid by the interested stockholder for its shares.
The
statute permits various exemptions from its provisions, including
business combinations that are exempted by the board of directors before
the
time that the interested stockholder becomes an interested stockholder. Pursuant
to the statute, our board of directors has exempted any business combinations
(a) between us and our manager or any of its affiliates, (b) between us and
Newcastle Investment Holdings or any of its affiliates and (c) between us
and
any interested stockholder, provided that any such business combination is
first
approved by our board of directors (including a majority of our directors
who
are not affiliates or associates of such interested stockholder). Consequently,
the five-year prohibition and the super-majority vote requirements will not
apply to business combinations between us and any of them. As a result, such
parties may be able to enter into business combinations with us that may
not be
in the best interest of our stockholders, without compliance with the
super-majority vote requirements and the other provisions of the statute.
The
business combination statute may discourage others from trying to
acquire control of us and increase the difficulty of consummating any offer.
Control
Share Acquisitions
Maryland
law provides that control shares of a Maryland corporation
acquired in a control share acquisition have no voting rights except to the
extent approved by a vote of two-thirds of the votes entitled to be cast
on the
matter. Shares owned by the acquiror, by officers of the corporation or by
directors who are employees of the corporation are excluded from shares entitled
to vote on the matter. Control shares are voting shares of stock which, if
aggregated with all other shares of stock owned by the acquiror or in respect
of
which the acquiror is able to exercise or direct the exercise of voting power
(except solely by virtue of a revocable proxy), would entitle the acquiror
to
exercise voting power in electing directors within one of the following ranges
of voting power:
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one-tenth
or more but less than one-third,
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one-third
or more but less than a majority, or
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a
majority or more of all voting power.
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Control
shares do not include shares the acquiring person is then
entitled to vote as a result of having previously obtained stockholder approval.
A control share acquisition means the acquisition of control shares, subject
to
certain exceptions.
A
person who has made or proposes to make a control share acquisition may
compel the board of directors of the corporation to call a special meeting
of
stockholders to be held within 50 days of demand to consider the voting rights
of the shares. The right to compel the calling of a special meeting is subject
to the satisfaction of certain conditions, including an undertaking to pay
the
expenses of the meeting. If no request for a meeting is made, the corporation
may itself present the question at any stockholders meeting.
If
voting rights are not approved at the meeting or if the acquiring
person does not deliver an acquiring person statement as required by the
statute, then the corporation may redeem for fair value any or all of the
control shares, except those for which voting rights have previously been
approved. The right of the corporation to redeem control shares is subject
to
certain conditions and limitations. Fair value is determined, without regard
to
the absence of voting rights for the control shares, as of the date of the
last
control share acquisition by the acquiror or of any meeting of stockholders
at
which the voting rights of the shares are considered and not approved. If
voting
rights for control shares are approved at a stockholders meeting and the
acquiror becomes entitled to vote a majority of the shares entitled to vote,
all
other stockholders may exercise appraisal rights. The fair value of the shares
as determined for purposes of appraisal rights may not be less than the highest
price per share paid by the acquiror in the control share acquisition.
The
control share acquisition statute does not apply (a) to shares
acquired in a merger, consolidation or share exchange if the corporation
is a
party to the transaction, or (b) to acquisitions approved or exempted by
the
charter or bylaws of the corporation.
Our
bylaws contain a provision exempting from the control share
acquisition statute any and all acquisitions by any person of shares of our
stock. This provision may be amended or eliminated at any time in the future.
Amendment
to Our Charter
Our
charter, including its provisions on classification of our board of
directors and removal of directors, may be amended only by the affirmative
vote
of the holders of not less than a majority of all of the votes entitled to
be
cast on the matter, except that our board may change our name, or the
designation or par value of our capital stock, without stockholder action.
Advance
Notice of Director Nominations and New Business
Our
bylaws provide that with respect to an annual meeting of
stockholders, nominations of persons for election to our board of directors
and
the proposal of business to be considered by stockholders may be made only
(i)
pursuant to our notice of the meeting, (ii) by our board of directors or
(iii)
by a stockholder of record who is entitled to vote at the meeting and who
has
complied with the advance notice procedures of our bylaws. With respect to
special meetings of stockholders, only the business specified in our notice
of
the meeting may be brought before the meeting. Nominations of persons for
election to our board of directors at a special meeting may be made only
(i)
pursuant to our notice of the meeting, (ii) by the board of directors, or
(iii)
provided that the board of directors has determined that directors will be
elected at the meeting, by a stockholder of record who is entitled to vote
at
the meeting and who has complied with the advance notice provisions of our
bylaws.
Special
Stockholder Meetings. Pursuant to our
bylaws, stockholders can request a special meeting only upon written demand
of
at least a majority of all votes entitled to be cast at such meeting. This
could
have
the effect of making it more difficult for stockholders to propose
corporate actions to which our management is opposed.
Maryland
Unsolicited Takeovers Act
Subtitle
8 of Title 3 of the MGCL (“Subtitle 8”) permits a Maryland
corporation with a class of equity securities registered under the Exchange
Act
and at least three independent directors to elect to be subject, by provision
in
its charter or bylaws or a resolution of its board of directors and
notwithstanding any contrary provision in the charter of bylaws, to any or
all
of five provisions:
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a
two-thirds vote requirement for removing a
director;
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a
requirement that the number of directors be fixed only by vote of
directors;
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a
requirement that a vacancy on the board be filled only by the
remaining directors and for the remainder of the full term of the
class of
directors in which the vacancy occurred;
and
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a
majority requirement for the calling of a special meeting of
stockholders.
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A
corporation may also adopt a charter provision or resolution of the
Board of Directors that prohibits the corporation from electing to be subject
to
any or all of the provisions of the subtitle. At this time, we have not elected
to be subject to any of these provisions. However, because our charter does
not
include a provision prohibiting us from electing to be subject to any of
these
provisions, our Board of Directors may make such an election at any time.
Through provisions in our charter and bylaws unrelated to Subtitle 8, we
already
have a classified board, require a two-thirds vote for the removal of directors
and require a majority vote for the calling of a special meeting of
stockholders.
Anti-Takeover
Effect of Certain Provisions of Maryland Law and of Our
Charter and Bylaws
The
business combination provisions and, if the applicable provision in
our bylaws is rescinded, the control share acquisition provisions of Maryland
law, the provisions of our charter on classification of our board of directors
and removal of directors, the advance notice provisions of our bylaws and
our
special meeting requirements, or the provisions of Subtitle 8 should we elect
to
be governed by any of them, could delay, defer or prevent a transaction or
a
change in the control of us that might involve a premium price for holders
of
our stock or otherwise be in their best interest.
FEDERAL
INCOME TAX CONSIDERATIONS
The
following is a summary of the material United States federal income
tax consequences of an investment in common stock or other securities of
Newcastle. For purposes of this section under the heading “Federal Income Tax
Considerations,” references to “Newcastle,” “we,” “our” and “us” mean only
Newcastle Investment Corp. and not its subsidiaries or other lower-tier
entities, except as otherwise indicated. This summary is based upon the Internal
Revenue Code, the regulations promulgated by the U.S. Treasury Department,
rulings and other administrative pronouncements issued by the IRS, and judicial
decisions, all as currently in effect, and all of which are subject to differing
interpretations or to change, possibly with retroactive effect. No assurance
can
be given that the IRS would not assert, or that a court would not sustain,
a
position contrary to any of the tax consequences described below. We have
not
sought and will not seek an advance ruling from the IRS regarding any matter
discussed in this prospectus. The summary is also based upon the assumption
that
we will operate Newcastle and its subsidiaries and affiliated entities in
accordance with their applicable organizational documents or partnership
agreements. This summary is for general information only, and does not purport
to discuss all aspects of federal income taxation that may be important to
a
particular investor in light of its investment or tax circumstances, or to
investors subject to special tax rules, such as:
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financial
institutions;
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regulated
investment companies;
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partnerships
and trusts;
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persons
who hold our stock on behalf of another person as
nominee;
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persons
who receive our stock through the exercise of employee
stock options or otherwise as compensation;
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persons
holding our stock as part of a “straddle,” “hedge,”
“conversion transaction,” “synthetic security” or other integrated
investment;
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and,
except to the extent discussed below:
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tax-exempt
organizations; and
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This
summary assumes that investors will hold their common stock as a
capital asset, which generally means as property held for investment.
THE
FEDERAL INCOME TAX TREATMENT OF HOLDERS OF OUR COMMON STOCK DEPENDS
IN SOME INSTANCES ON DETERMINATIONS OF FACT AND INTERPRETATIONS OF COMPLEX
PROVISIONS OF FEDERAL INCOME TAX LAW FOR WHICH NO CLEAR PRECEDENT OR AUTHORITY
MAY BE AVAILABLE. IN ADDITION, THE TAX CONSEQUENCES TO ANY PARTICULAR
STOCKHOLDER OF HOLDING OUR COMMON STOCK WILL DEPEND ON THE STOCKHOLDER'S
PARTICULAR TAX CIRCUMSTANCES. FOR EXAMPLE, A STOCKHOLDER THAT IS A PARTNERSHIP
OR TRUST WHICH HAS ISSUED AN EQUITY INTEREST TO CERTAIN TYPES OF TAX EXEMPT
ORGANIZATIONS MAY BE SUBJECT TO A SPECIAL ENTITY-LEVEL TAX IF WE MAKE
DISTRIBUTIONS ATTRIBUTABLE TO "EXCESS INCLUSION INCOME." SEE "-TAXABLE MORTGAGE
POOLS AND EXCESS INCLUSION INCOME" BELOW. A SIMILAR TAX MAY BE PAYABLE BY
PERSONS WHO HOLD OUR STOCK AS NOMINEE ON BEHALF OF SUCH A TAX EXEMPT
ORGANIZATION. YOU ARE URGED TO CONSULT YOUR TAX ADVISOR
REGARDING
THE FEDERAL, STATE, LOCAL, AND FOREIGN INCOME AND OTHER TAX
CONSEQUENCES TO YOU IN LIGHT OF YOUR PARTICULAR INVESTMENT OR TAX CIRCUMSTANCES
OF ACQUIRING, HOLDING, EXCHANGING, OR OTHERWISE DISPOSING OF OUR COMMON
STOCK.
Taxation
of Newcastle
We
have elected to be taxed as a REIT, commencing with our initial
taxable year ended December 31, 2002. We believe that we have been organized,
have operated and expect to continue to operate in such a manner as to qualify
for taxation as a REIT.
The
law firm of Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom LLP has acted as
our tax counsel in connection with our formation and election to be taxed
as a
REIT. We have received an opinion of Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom
LLP to the effect that, commencing with its initial taxable year that ended
on
December 31, 2002, Newcastle was organized in conformity with the requirements
for qualification as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code, and that its
actual
method of operation has enabled, and its proposed method of operation will
enable, it to meet the requirements for qualification and taxation as a REIT.
It
must be emphasized that the opinion of tax counsel is based on various
assumptions relating to our organization and operation, and is conditioned
upon
fact-based representations and covenants made by our management regarding
our
organization, assets, income, and the past, present and future conduct of
our
business operations. While we intend to operate so that we will qualify as
a
REIT, given the highly complex nature of the rules governing REITs, the ongoing
importance of factual determinations, and the possibility of future changes
in
our circumstances, no assurance can be given by tax counsel or by us that
we
will qualify as a REIT for any particular year. The opinion of tax counsel
also
relies on various legal opinions issued by other counsel for Newcastle and
its
predecessors, including Sidley Austin Brown & Wood LLP and Thacher Proffitt
& Wood, with respect to certain issues and transactions. The opinions are
expressed as of the date issued, and do not cover subsequent periods. In
addition, our ability to qualify as a REIT depends in part upon the operating
results, organizational structure and entity classification for federal income
tax purposes of certain affiliated entities, the status of which may not
have
been reviewed by tax counsel. Tax counsel will have no obligation to advise
us
or our stockholders of any subsequent change in the matters stated, represented
or assumed, or of any subsequent change in the applicable law. You should
be
aware that opinions of counsel are not binding on the IRS, and no assurance
can
be given that the IRS will not challenge the conclusions set forth in such
opinions.
Qualification
and taxation as a REIT depends on our ability to meet on a
continuing basis, through actual operating results, distribution levels,
and
diversity of stock ownership, various qualification requirements imposed
upon
REITs by the Internal Revenue Code, the compliance with which will not be
reviewed by tax counsel. In addition, our ability to qualify as a REIT depends
in part upon the operating results, organizational structure and entity
classification for federal income tax purposes of certain affiliated entities,
the status of which may not have been reviewed by tax counsel. Our ability
to
qualify as a REIT also requires that we satisfy certain asset tests, some
of
which depend upon the fair market values of assets that we own directly or
indirectly. Such values may not be susceptible to a precise determination.
Accordingly, no assurance can be given that the actual results of our operations
for any taxable year satisfy such requirements for qualification and taxation
as
a REIT.
Taxation
of REITs in General
As
indicated above, our qualification and taxation as a REIT depends upon
our ability to meet, on a continuing basis, various qualification requirements
imposed upon REITs by the Internal Revenue Code. The material qualification
requirements are summarized below under “—Requirements for
Qualification—General.” While we intend to operate so that we qualify as a REIT,
no assurance can be given that the IRS will not challenge our qualification,
or
that we will be able to operate in accordance with the REIT requirements
in the
future. See “—Failure to Qualify.”
Provided
that we qualify as a REIT, we generally will be entitled to a
deduction for dividends that we pay and therefore will not be subject to
federal
corporate income tax on our net income that is currently distributed to our
stockholders. This treatment substantially eliminates the “double taxation” at
the corporate and stockholder levels that generally results from investment
in a
corporation. In general, the income that we generate is taxed only at the
stockholder level upon a distribution of dividends to our
stockholders.
The
Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2003 (as amended,
the “2003 Act”) reduces the rate at which most individuals, trusts and estates
are taxed on corporate dividends from a maximum of 38.6% (as ordinary income)
to
a maximum of 15% (the same as long-term capital gains) for the 2003 through
2010
tax years. With limited exceptions, however, dividends from us or from other
entities that are taxed as REITs are generally not eligible for the reduced
rates, and will continue to be taxed at rates applicable to ordinary income,
which, pursuant to the 2003 Act, will be as high as 35% through 2010. See
“Taxation of Stockholders—Taxation of Taxable Domestic
Stockholders—Distributions.”
Net
operating losses, foreign tax credits and other tax attributes
generally do not pass through to our stockholders, subject to special rules
for
certain items such as the capital gains that we recognize. See “Taxation of
Stockholders.”
If
we qualify as a REIT, we will nonetheless be subject to federal tax in
the following circumstances:
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We
will be taxed at regular corporate rates on any undistributed
income, including undistributed net capital gains.
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We
may be subject to the “alternative minimum tax” on our items of
tax preference, including any deductions of net operating losses.
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If
we have net income from prohibited transactions, which are, in
general, sales or other dispositions of property held primarily for
sale
to customers in the ordinary course of business, other than foreclosure
property, such income will be subject to a 100% tax. See “—Prohibited
Transactions”, and “—Foreclosure Property”, below.
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If
we elect to treat property that we acquire in connection with a
foreclosure of a mortgage loan or certain leasehold terminations
as
“foreclosure property”, we may thereby avoid the 100% tax on gain from a
resale of that property (if the sale would otherwise constitute a
prohibited transaction), but the income from the sale or operation
of the
property may be subject to corporate income tax at the highest applicable
rate (currently 35%).
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If
we derive “excess inclusion income” from an interest in certain
mortgage loan securitization structures (i.e., a “taxable mortgage pool”
or a residual interest in a real estate mortgage investment conduit,
or
“REMIC”), we could be subject to corporate level federal income tax at a
35% rate to the extent that such income is allocable to specified
types of
tax-exempt stockholders known as “disqualified organizations” that are not
subject to unrelated business income tax. See “—Taxable Mortgage Pools and
Excess Inclusion Income” below.
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If
we should fail to satisfy the 75% gross income test or the 95%
gross income test, as discussed below, but nonetheless maintain our
qualification as a REIT because we satisfy other requirements, we
will be
subject to a 100% tax on an amount based on the magnitude of the
failure
adjusted to reflect the profit margin associated with our gross
income.
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If
we should fail to satisfy the asset or other requirements
applicable to REITs, as described below, and yet maintain our
qualification as a REIT because there is reasonable cause for the
failure
and other applicable requirements are met, we may be subject to an
excise
tax. In that
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case,
the amount of the excise tax will be at least $50,000 per failure,
and, in the case of certain asset test failures, will be determined as the
amount of net income generated by the assets in question multiplied by the
highest corporate tax rate (currently 35%) if that amount exceeds $50,000
per
failure.
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If
we should fail to distribute during each calendar year at least
the sum of (a) 85% of our REIT ordinary income for such year, (b)
95% of
our REIT capital gain net income for such year, and (c) any undistributed
taxable income from prior periods, we would be subject to a non-deductible
4% excise tax on the excess of the required distribution over the
sum of
(i) the amounts that we actually distributed, plus (ii) the amounts
we
retained and upon which we paid income tax at the corporate
level.
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We
may be required to pay monetary penalties to the IRS in certain
circumstances, including if we fail to meet record keeping requirements
intended to monitor our compliance with rules relating to the composition
of a REIT’s stockholders, as described below in “—Requirements for
Qualification—General.”
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A
100% tax may be imposed on transactions between us and a taxable
REIT subsidiary (as described below) that do not reflect arm’s length
terms.
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If
we acquire appreciated assets from a corporation that is not a
REIT (i.e., a corporation taxable under subchapter C of the Internal
Revenue Code) in a transaction in which the adjusted tax basis of
the
assets in our hands is determined by reference to the adjusted tax
basis
of the assets in the hands of the subchapter C corporation, we may
be
subject to tax on such appreciation at the highest corporate income
tax
rate then applicable if we subsequently recognize gain on a disposition
of
any such assets during the ten-year period following their acquisition
from the subchapter C corporation.
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The
earnings of our subsidiaries could be subject to federal
corporate income tax to the extent that such subsidiaries are subchapter
C
corporations.
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In
addition, we and our subsidiaries may be subject to a variety of
taxes, including payroll taxes and state, local, and foreign income, property
and other taxes on assets and operations. We could also be subject to tax
in
situations and on transactions not presently contemplated.
Requirements
for Qualification--General
The
Internal Revenue Code defines a REIT as a corporation, trust or
association:
(1)
that is managed by one or more trustees or directors;
(2)
the beneficial ownership of which is evidenced by transferable
shares, or by transferable certificates of beneficial interest;
(3)
that would be taxable as a domestic corporation but for the special
Internal Revenue Code provisions applicable to REITs;
(4)
that is neither a financial institution nor an insurance company
subject to specific provisions of the Internal Revenue Code;
(5)
the beneficial ownership of which is held by 100 or more persons;
(6)
in which, during the last half of each taxable year, not more than
50% in value of the outstanding stock is owned, directly or indirectly, by
five
or fewer “individuals” (as defined in the Internal Revenue Code to include
specified tax-exempt entities); and
(7)
which meets other tests described below, including with respect to
the nature of its income and assets.
The
Internal Revenue Code provides that conditions (1) through (4) must
be met during the entire taxable year, and that condition (5) must be met
during
at least 335 days of a taxable year of 12 months, or during a proportionate
part
of a shorter taxable year. Conditions (5) and (6) need not be met during
a
corporation’s initial tax year as a REIT (which, in our case, was 2002). Our
charter provides restrictions regarding the ownership and transfers of its
shares, which are intended to assist us in satisfying the share ownership
requirements described in conditions (5) and (6) above.
To
monitor compliance with the share ownership requirements, we generally
are required to maintain records regarding the actual ownership of our shares.
To do so, we must demand written statements each year from the record holders
of
significant percentages of our stock pursuant to which the record holders
must
disclose the actual owners of the shares (i.e., the persons required to include
our dividends in their gross income). We must maintain a list of those persons
failing or refusing to comply with this demand as part of our records. We
could
be subject to monetary penalties if we fail to comply with these record keeping
requirements. If you fail or refuse to comply with the demands, you will
be
required by Treasury regulations to submit a statement with your tax return
disclosing the actual ownership of the shares and other
information.
In
addition, a corporation generally may not elect to become a REIT
unless its taxable year is the calendar year. We have adopted December 31
as our
year end, and therefore satisfy this requirement.
The
Internal Revenue Code provides relief from violations of the REIT
gross income requirements, as described below under “—Income Tests,” in cases
where a violation is due to reasonable cause and not willful neglect, and
other
requirements are met. In addition, a REIT that makes use of these relief
provisions must pay a penalty tax that is based upon the magnitude of the
violation. If we fail to satisfy any of the various REIT requirements, there
can
be no assurance that these relief provisions would be available to enable
us to
maintain our qualification as a REIT, and, if such relief provisions are
available, the amount of any resultant penalty tax could be substantial.
Effect
of Subsidiary Entities
Ownership
of Partnership Interests. If we are a
partner in an entity that is treated as a partnership for federal income
tax
purposes, Treasury regulations provide that we are deemed to own our
proportionate share of the partnership’s assets, and to earn our proportionate
share of the partnership’s income, for purposes of the asset and gross income
tests applicable to REITs. Our proportionate share of a partnership’s assets and
income is based on our capital interest in the partnership (except that for
purposes of the 10% value test with respect to the 2005 and future taxable
years, our proportionate share of the partnership’s assets is based on our
proportionate interest in the equity and certain debt securities issued by
the
partnership). In addition, the assets and gross income of the partnership
are
deemed to retain the same character in our hands. Thus, our proportionate
share
of the assets and items of income of any of our subsidiary partnerships will
be
treated as our assets and items of income for purposes of applying the REIT
requirements. A summary of certain rules governing the federal income taxation
of partnerships and their partners is provided below in “Tax Aspects of
Investments in Affiliated Partnerships.”
Disregarded
Subsidiaries. If we own a corporate
subsidiary that is a “qualified REIT subsidiary,” that subsidiary is generally
disregarded for federal income tax purposes, and all of the subsidiary's
assets,
liabilities and items of income, deduction and credit are treated as our
assets,
liabilities and items of income, deduction and credit, including for purposes
of
the gross income and asset tests applicable to REITs. A qualified REIT
subsidiary is any wholly owned subsidiary, other than a “taxable REIT
subsidiary” as described below, that we own, either directly or through one or
more other qualified REIT subsidiaries or disregarded entities. Other entities
that are wholly-owned by us, including single member
limited
liability companies that have not elected to be taxed as
corporations for federal income tax purposes, are also generally disregarded
as
a separate entities for federal income tax purposes, including for purposes
of
the REIT income and asset tests. Disregarded subsidiaries, along with any
partnerships in which we hold an equity interest, are sometimes referred
to
herein as “pass-through subsidiaries.”
In
the event that a disregarded subsidiary of ours ceases to be
wholly-owned—for example, if any equity interest in the subsidiary is acquired
by a person other than us or a disregarded subsidiary of ours—the subsidiary’s
separate existence would no longer be disregarded for federal income tax
purposes. Instead, the subsidiary would have multiple owners and would be
treated as either a partnership or a taxable corporation. Such an event could,
depending on the circumstances, adversely affect our ability to satisfy the
various asset and gross income requirements applicable to REITs, including
the
requirement that REITs generally may not own, directly or indirectly, more
than
10% of the securities of another corporation. See “—Asset Tests” and “—Income
Tests.”
Taxable
Subsidiaries. In general, we may jointly
elect with a subsidiary corporation, whether or not wholly-owned, to treat
the
subsidiary corporation as a taxable REIT subsidiary (“TRS”). We generally may
not own more than 10% of the securities of a taxable corporation, as measured
by
voting power or value, unless we and such corporation elect to treat such
corporation as a TRS. The separate existence of a TRS or other taxable
corporation is not ignored for federal income tax purposes. Accordingly,
a TRS
or other taxable corporation generally would be subject to corporate income
tax
on its earnings, which may reduce the cash flow that we and our subsidiaries
generate in the aggregate, and may reduce our ability to make distributions
to
our stockholders.
We
are not treated as holding the assets of a TRS or other taxable
subsidiary corporation or as receiving any income that the subsidiary earns.
Rather, the stock issued by a taxable subsidiary to us is an asset in our
hands,
and we treat the dividends paid to us from such taxable subsidiary, if any,
as
income. This treatment can affect our income and asset test calculations,
as
described below. Because we do not include the assets and income of TRSs
or
other taxable subsidiary corporations in determining our compliance with
the
REIT requirements, we may use such entities to undertake indirectly activities
that the REIT rules might otherwise preclude us from doing directly or through
pass-through subsidiaries.
Income
Tests
In
order to qualify as a REIT, we must satisfy two annual gross income
requirements. First, at least 75% of our gross income for each taxable year,
excluding gross income from sales of inventory or dealer property in “prohibited
transactions,” generally must be derived from investments relating to real
property or mortgages on real property, including interest income derived
from
mortgage loans secured by real property (including certain types of mortgage
backed securities), “rents from real property,” dividends received from other
REITs, and gains from the sale of real estate assets, as well as specified
income from temporary investments. Second, at least 95% of our gross income
in
each taxable year, excluding gross income from prohibited transactions and
certain hedging transactions, must be derived from some combination of such
income from investments in real property (i.e., income that qualifies under
the
75% income test described above), as well as other dividends, interest, and
gain
from the sale or disposition of stock or securities, which need not have
any
relation to real property.
Interest
income constitutes qualifying mortgage interest for purposes of
the 75% income test to the extent that the obligation upon which such interest
is paid is secured by a mortgage on real property. If we receive interest
income
with respect to a mortgage loan that is secured by both real property and
other
property, and the highest principal amount of the loan outstanding during
a
taxable year exceeds the fair market value of the real property on the date
that
we acquired or originated the mortgage loan, the interest income will be
apportioned between the real property and the other collateral, and our income
from the arrangement will qualify for purposes of the 75% income test only
to
the extent that the interest is allocable to the real property. Even if a
loan
is not secured by real property, or is undersecured, the income that it
generates may nonetheless qualify for purposes of the 95% income
test.
To
the extent that the terms of a loan provide for contingent interest
that is based on the cash proceeds realized upon the sale of the property
securing the loan (a “shared appreciation provision”), income attributable to
the participation feature will be treated as gain from sale of the underlying
property, which generally will be qualifying income for purposes of both
the 75%
and 95% gross income tests provided that the property is not held as inventory
or dealer property. To the extent that we derive interest income from a mortgage
loan, or income from the rental of real property where all or a portion of
the
amount of interest or rental income payable is contingent, such income generally
will qualify for purposes of the gross income tests only if it is based upon
the
gross receipts or sales, and not the net income or profits, of the borrower
or
lessee. This limitation does not apply, however, where the borrower or lessee
leases substantially all of its interest in the property to tenants or
subtenants, to the extent that the rental income derived by the borrower
or
lessee, as the case may be, would qualify as rents from real property had
we
earned the income directly.
We
and our subsidiaries have invested in mezzanine loans, which are loans
secured by equity interests in an entity that directly or indirectly owns
real
property, rather than by a direct mortgage of the real property. The IRS
has
issued Revenue Procedure 2003-65, which provides a safe harbor applicable
to
mezzanine loans. Under the Revenue Procedure, if a mezzanine loan meets each
of
the requirements contained in the Revenue Procedure, (1) the mezzanine loan
will
be treated by the IRS as a real estate asset for purposes of the asset tests
described below, and (2) interest derived from the mezzanine loan will be
treated as qualifying mortgage interest for purposes of the 75% income test.
Although the Revenue Procedure provides a safe harbor on which taxpayers
may
rely, it does not prescribe rules of substantive tax law. We intend to
structure, and we believe that we have in the past structured, any investments
in mezzanine loans in a manner that complies with the various requirements
applicable to our qualification as a REIT. To the extent that any of our
mezzanine loans do not meet all of the requirements for reliance on the safe
harbor set forth in the Revenue Procedure, however, there can be no assurance
that the IRS will not challenge the tax treatment of these loans.
We
and our subsidiaries also have invested in various types of commercial
mortgage backed securities, or CMBS, real estate asset backed securities,
or
ABS, and agency residential mortgage backed securities, or RMBS. See below
under
“—Asset Tests” for a discussion of the effect of such investments on our
qualification as a REIT.
We
hold certain participation interests, including B-Notes, in mortgage
loans and other instruments. Such interests in an underlying loan are created
by
virtue of a participation or similar agreement to which the originator of
the
loan is a party, along with one or more participants. The borrower on the
underlying loan is typically not a party to the participation agreement.
The
performance of this investment depends upon the performance of the underlying
loan, and if the underlying borrower defaults, the participant typically
has no
recourse against the originator of the loan. The originator often retains
a
senior position in the underlying loan, and grants junior participations
which
absorb losses first in the event of a default by the borrower. We believe
that
our participation interests qualify as real estate assets for purposes of
the
REIT asset tests described below, and that the interest that we derive from
such
investments will be treated as qualifying mortgage interest for purposes
of the
75% income test. The appropriate treatment of participation interests for
federal income tax purposes is not entirely certain, however, and no assurance
can be given that the IRS will not challenge our treatment of our participation
interests. In the event of a determination that such participation interests
do
not qualify as real estate assets, or that the income that we derive from
such
participation interests does not qualify as mortgage interest for purposes
of
the REIT asset and income tests, we could be subject to a penalty tax, or
could
fail to qualify as a REIT. See “—Taxation of REITs in General,” “—Requirements
for Qualification—General,” “—Asset Tests” and “—Failure to
Qualify.”
Rents
will qualify as “rents from real property” in satisfying the gross
income requirements described above only if several conditions are met. If
rent
is partly attributable to personal property leased in connection with a lease
of
real property, the portion of the rent that is attributable to the personal
property will not qualify as “rents from real property” unless it constitutes
15% or less of the total rent
received
under the lease. In addition, the amount of rent must not be
based in whole or in part on the income or profits of any person. Amounts
received as rent, however, generally will not be excluded from rents from
real
property solely by reason of being based on fixed percentages of gross receipts
or sales. Moreover, for rents received to qualify as “rents from real property,”
we generally must not operate or manage the property or furnish or render
services to the tenants of such property, other than through an “independent
contractor” from which we derive no revenue. We are permitted, however, to
perform services that are “usually or customarily rendered” in connection with
the rental of space for occupancy only and which are not otherwise considered
rendered to the occupant of the property. In addition, we may directly or
indirectly provide non-customary services to tenants of our properties without
disqualifying all of the rent from the property if the payments for such
services does not exceed 1% of the total gross income from the property.
For
purposes of this test, we are we are deemed to have received income from
such
non-customary services in an amount at least 150% of the direct cost of
providing the services. Moreover, we are generally permitted to provide services
to tenants or others through a TRS without disqualifying the rental income
received from tenants for purposes of the income tests. Also, rental income
will
qualify as rents from real property only to the extent that we do not directly
or constructively hold a 10% or greater interest, as measured by vote or
value,
in the lessee’s equity.
We
may directly or indirectly receive distributions from TRSs or other
corporations that are not REITs or qualified REIT subsidiaries. These
distributions generally are treated as dividend income to the extent of the
earnings and profits of the distributing corporation. Such distributions
will
generally constitute qualifying income for purposes of the 95% gross income
test, but not for purposes of the 75% gross income test. Any dividends that
we
receive from a REIT, however, will be qualifying income for purposes of both
the
95% and 75% income tests.
Effective
beginning 2005, any income or gain that we or our pass-through
subsidiaries derive from instruments that hedge certain risks, such as the
risk
of changes in interest rates, will be excluded from gross income for purposes
of
the 95% gross income test, provided that specified requirements are met,
including the requirement that the instrument hedge risks associated with
our
indebtedness that is incurred to acquire or carry “real estate assets” (as
described below under “—Asset Tests”), and the instrument is properly identified
as a hedge along with the risk that it hedges within prescribed time periods.
Income and gain from such transactions will not be qualifying income for
the 75%
gross income test, and income and gain from all other hedging transactions
will
not be qualifying income for either the 95% or 75% income test.
If
we fail to satisfy one or both of the 75% or 95% gross income tests
for any taxable year, we may still qualify as a REIT for the year if we are
entitled to relief under applicable provisions of the Internal Revenue Code.
Those relief provisions generally will be available if our failure to meet
the
gross income tests was due to reasonable cause and not due to willful neglect
and we file a schedule of the sources of our gross income in accordance with
Treasury regulations. It is not possible to state whether we would be entitled
to the benefit of these relief provisions in all circumstances. If these
relief
provisions are inapplicable to a particular set of circumstances, we will
not
qualify as a REIT. As discussed above under “—Taxation of REITs in General,”
even where these relief provisions apply, the Internal Revenue Code imposes
a
tax based upon the amount by which we fail to satisfy the particular gross
income test.
Asset
Tests
At
the close of each calendar quarter, we must also satisfy four tests
relating to the nature of our assets. First, at least 75% of the value of
our
total assets must be represented by some combination of “real estate assets,”
cash, cash items, U.S. government securities, and, under some circumstances,
stock or debt instruments purchased with new capital. For this purpose, real
estate assets include interests in real property, such as land, buildings,
leasehold interests in real property, stock of other corporations that qualify
as REITs, and some kinds of mortgage backed securities and mortgage loans.
Assets that do not qualify for purposes of the 75% test are subject to the
additional asset tests described below.
Second,
the value of any one issuer’s securities that we own may not
exceed 5% of the value of our total assets. Third, we may not own more than
10%
of any one issuer’s outstanding securities, as measured by either voting power
or value. The 5% and 10% asset tests do not apply to real estate assets and
securities of TRSs. Fourth, the aggregate value of all securities of TRSs
that
we hold may not exceed 20% of the value of our total assets.
Notwithstanding
the general rule, as noted above, that for purposes of
the REIT income and asset tests, we are treated as owning our proportionate
share of the underlying assets of a subsidiary partnership, if we hold
indebtedness issued by a partnership, the indebtedness will be subject to,
and
may cause a violation of, the asset tests unless the indebtedness is a
qualifying mortgage asset, or other conditions are met. Similarly, although
stock of another REIT is a qualifying asset for purposes of the REIT asset
tests, any non-mortgage debt that is issued by another REIT may not so qualify
(such debt, however, will not be treated as a “security” for purposes of the 10%
value test, as explained below).
The
Code provides that certain securities will not cause a violation of
the 10% value test described above. Such securities include instruments that
constitute “straight debt,” which includes, among other things, securities
having certain contingency features. A security does not qualify as “straight
debt” where a REIT (or a controlled TRS of the REIT) owns other securities of
the same issuer which do not qualify as straight debt, unless the value of
those
other securities constitute, in the aggregate, 1% or less of the total value
of
that issuer’s outstanding securities. In addition to straight debt, the Code
provides that certain other securities will not violate the 10% value test.
Such
securities include (a) any loan made to an individual or an estate, (b) certain
rental agreements pursuant to which one or more payments are to be made in
subsequent years (other than agreements between a REIT and certain persons
related to the REIT under attribution rules), (c) any obligation to pay rents
from real property, (d) securities issued by governmental entities that are
not
dependent in whole or in part on the profits of (or payments made by) a
non-governmental entity, (e) any security (including debt securities) issued
by
another REIT, and (f) any debt instrument issued by a partnership if the
partnership’s income is of a nature that it would satisfy the 75% gross income
test described above under “—Income Tests.” The Code also provides that in
applying the 10% value test, a debt security issued by a partnership is not
taken into account to the extent, if any, of the REIT’s proportionate interest
in that partnership.
Any
interests that we hold in a REMIC will generally qualify as real
estate assets, and income derived from REMIC interests will generally be
treated
as qualifying income for purposes of the REIT income tests described above.
If
less than 95% of the assets of a REMIC are real estate assets, however, then
only a proportionate part of our interest in the REMIC and income derived
from
the interest qualifies for purposes of the REIT asset and income tests. If
we
hold a “residual interest” in a REMIC from which we derive “excess inclusion
income,” we will be required to either distribute the excess inclusion income or
pay tax on it (or a combination of the two), even though we may not receive
the
income in cash. To the extent that distributed excess inclusion income is
allocable to a particular stockholder, the income (1) would not be allowed
to be
offset by any net operating losses otherwise available to the stockholder,
(2)
would be subject to tax as unrelated business taxable income in the hands
of
most types of stockholders that are otherwise generally exempt from federal
income tax, and (3) would result in the application of U.S. federal income
tax
withholding at the maximum rate (30%), without reduction pursuant to any
otherwise applicable income tax treaty or other exemption, to the extent
allocable to most types of foreign stockholders. Moreover, any excess inclusion
income that we receive that is allocable to specified categories of tax-exempt
investors which are not subject to unrelated business income tax, such as
government entities or charitable remainder trusts, may be subject to
corporate-level income tax in our hands, whether or not it is distributed.
See
“Taxable Mortgage Pools and Excess Inclusion Income.”
To
the extent that we hold mortgage participations, CMBS or RMBS that do
not represent REMIC interests, such assets may not qualify as real estate
assets, and the income generated from them might not qualify for purposes
of
either or both of the REIT income requirements, depending upon the circumstances
and the specific structure of the investment. In addition, certain of our
mezzanine loans may qualify for the safe harbor in Revenue Procedure 2003-65
pursuant to which certain loans secured by
a
first priority security interest in ownership interests in a
partnership or limited liability company will be treated as qualifying assets
for purposes of the 75% real estate asset test and the 10% vote or value
test.
See “—Income Tests.” We may make some mezzanine loans that do not qualify for
that safe harbor and that do not qualify as “straight debt” securities or for
one of the other exclusions from the definition of “securities” for purposes of
the 10% value test. We intend to make such investments in such a manner as
not
to fail the asset tests described above, and we believe that our existing
investments satisfy such requirements. We believe that our holdings of
securities and other assets will comply with the foregoing REIT asset
requirements, and we intend to monitor compliance on an ongoing
basis.
Iindependent
valuations have not been obtained to support our conclusions
as to the value of all of our assets. Moreover, values of some assets, including
instruments issued in securitization transactions, may not be susceptible
to a
precise determination, and values are subject to change in the future.
Furthermore, the proper classification of an instrument as debt or equity
for
federal income tax purposes may be uncertain in some circumstances, which
could
affect the application of the REIT asset requirements. Accordingly, there
can be
no assurance that the IRS will not contend that our interests in our
subsidiaries or in the securities of other issuers will not cause a violation
of
the REIT asset tests.
The
Code contains a number of relief provisions that make it easier for
REITs to satisfy the asset requirements, or to maintain REIT qualification
notwithstanding certain violations of the asset and other requirements. One
such
provision allows a REIT which fails one or more of the asset requirements
to
nevertheless maintain its REIT qualification if (1) the REIT provides the
IRS
with a description of each asset causing the failure, (2) the failure is
due to
reasonable cause and not willful neglect, (3) the REIT pays a tax equal to
the
greater of (a) $50,000 per failure, and (b) the product of the net income
generated by the assets that caused the failure multiplied by the highest
applicable corporate tax rate (currently 35%), and (4) the REIT either disposes
of the assets causing the failure within 6 months after the last day of the
quarter in which it identifies the failure, or otherwise satisfies the relevant
asset tests within that time frame. A second relief provision applies to
de
minimis violations of the 10% and 5% asset tests. A REIT may maintain its
qualification despite a violation of such requirements if (a) the value of
the
assets causing the violation does not exceed the lesser of 1% of the REIT’s
total assets, and $10,000,000, and (b) the REIT either disposes of the assets
causing the failure within 6 months after the last day of the quarter in
which
it identifies the failure, or the relevant tests are otherwise satisfied
within
that time frame. No assurance can be given that we would qualify for relief
under those provisions.
Annual
Distribution Requirements
In
order to qualify as a REIT, we are required to distribute dividends,
other than capital gain dividends, to our stockholders in an amount at least
equal to:
(a)
the sum of
(1)
90% of our “REIT taxable income,” computed without regard to our net
capital gains and the deduction for dividends paid, and
(2)
90% of our net income, if any, (after tax) from foreclosure property
(as described below), minus
(b)
the sum of specified items of noncash income.
We
generally must make these distributions in the taxable year to which
they relate, or in the following taxable year if declared before we timely
file
our tax return for the year and if paid with or before the first regular
dividend payment after such declaration. In addition, any dividend declared
by
us in October, November, or December of any year and payable to a shareholder
of
record on a specified date in any such month will be treated as both paid
by us
and received by the shareholder on December 31 of such year, so long as the
dividend is actually paid by us before the end of January of the next calendar
year.
In order for distributions to be counted for this purpose, and to
give rise to a tax deduction for us, the distributions must not be “preferential
dividends.” A dividend is not a preferential dividend if the distribution is (1)
pro rata among all outstanding shares of stock within a particular class,
and
(2) in accordance with the preferences among different classes of stock as
set
forth in our organizational documents.
To
the extent that we distribute at least 90%, but less than 100%, of our
“REIT taxable income,” as adjusted, we will be subject to tax at ordinary
corporate tax rates on the retained portion. We may elect to retain, rather
than
distribute, our net long-term capital gains and pay tax on such gains. In
this
case, we could elect for our stockholders to include their proportionate
shares
of such undistributed long-term capital gains in income, and to receive a
corresponding credit for their share of the tax that we paid. Our stockholders
would then increase their adjusted basis of their stock by the difference
between (a) the amounts of capital gain dividends that we designated and
that
they include in their taxable income, and (b) the tax that we paid on their
behalf with respect to that income.
To
the extent that we have available net operating losses carried forward
from prior tax years, such losses may reduce the amount of distributions
that we
must make in order to comply with the REIT distribution requirements. Such
losses, however, will generally not affect the character of any distributions
that are actually made as ordinary dividends or capital gains. See “—Taxation of
Stockholders—Taxation of Taxable Domestic
Stockholders—Distributions.”
If
we should fail to distribute during each calendar year at least the
sum of (a) 85% of our REIT ordinary income for such year, (b) 95% of our
REIT
capital gain net income for such year, and (c) any undistributed taxable
income
from prior periods, we would be subject to a non-deductible 4% excise tax
on the
excess of such required distribution over the sum of (x) the amounts actually
distributed, plus (y) the amounts of income we retained and on which we have
paid corporate income tax.
It
is possible that, from time to time, we may not have sufficient cash
to meet the distribution requirements due to timing differences between (a)
our
actual receipt of cash, including receipt of distributions from its
subsidiaries, and (b) our inclusion of items in income for federal income
tax
purposes. Other potential sources of non-cash taxable income
include:
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real
estate securities that are financed through securitization
structures,
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“residual
interests” in REMICs or taxable mortgage pools,
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loans
or mortgage backed securities held as assets that are issued
at a discount and require the accrual of taxable economic interest
in
advance of receipt in cash,
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loans
on which the borrower is permitted to defer cash payments of
interest, and distressed loans on which we may be required to accrue
taxable interest income even though the borrower is unable to make
current
servicing payments in cash.
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Differences
in timing between the recognition of taxable income and the
actual receipt of cash could require us to (i) sell assets, (ii) borrow funds
on
a short -term or long -term basis, or (iii) pay dividends in the form of
taxable
in-kind distributions of property, to meet the 90% distribution
requirement.
We
may be able to rectify a failure to meet the distribution requirements
for a year by paying “deficiency dividends” to stockholders in a later year,
which may be included in our deduction for dividends paid for the earlier
year.
In this case, we may be able to avoid losing REIT status or being taxed on
amounts distributed as deficiency dividends. We will be required to pay interest
and a penalty based on the amount of any deduction taken for deficiency
dividends.
Failure
to Qualify
If
we fail to satisfy one or more requirements for REIT qualification
other than the gross income or asset tests, we could avoid disqualification
if
our failure is due to reasonable cause and not to willful neglect and we
pay a
penalty of $50,000 for each such failure. Relief provisions are available
for
failures of the gross income tests and asset tests, as described above in
“—Income Tests” and —Asset Tests.”
If
we fail to qualify for taxation as a REIT in any taxable year, and the
relief provisions described above do not apply, we would be subject to tax,
including any applicable alternative minimum tax, on our taxable income at
regular corporate rates. We cannot deduct distributions to stockholders in
any
year in which we are not a REIT, nor would we be required to make distributions
in such a year. In this situation, to the extent of current and accumulated
earnings and profits, distributions to domestic stockholders that are
individuals, trusts and estates will generally be taxable at capital gains
rates
(through 2010) pursuant to the 2003 Act. In addition, subject to the limitations
of the Internal Revenue Code, corporate distributees may be eligible for
the
dividends received deduction. Unless we are entitled to relief under specific
statutory provisions, we would also be disqualified from re-electing to be
taxed
as a REIT for the four taxable years following the year during which we lost
qualification. It is not possible to state whether, in all circumstances,
we
would be entitled to this statutory relief. The rule against re-electing
REIT
status following a loss of such status could also apply to us if Newcastle
Investment Holdings Corp., a former stockholder of ours, and contributor
of
assets to us, failed to qualify as a REIT, and we are treated as a successor
to
Newcastle Investment Holdings for federal income tax purposes.
Prohibited
Transactions
Net
income that we derive from a prohibited transaction is subject to a
100% tax. The term “prohibited transaction” generally includes a sale or other
disposition of property (other than foreclosure property, as discussed below)
that is held primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of a
trade
or business. We intend to conduct our operations so that no asset that we
own
(or are treated as owning) will be treated as, or as having been, held for
sale
to customers, and that a sale of any such asset will not be treated as having
been in the ordinary course of our business. Whether property is held “primarily
for sale to customers in the ordinary course of a trade or business” depends on
the particular facts and circumstances. No assurance can be given that any
property that we sell will not be treated as property held for sale to
customers, or that we can comply with certain safe-harbor provisions of the
Internal Revenue Code that would prevent such treatment. The 100% tax does
not
apply to gains from the sale of property that is held through a TRS or other
taxable corporation, although such income will be subject to tax in the hands
of
the corporation at regular corporate rates.
Foreclosure
Property
Foreclosure
property is real property and any personal property incident
to such real property (1) that we acquire as the result of having bid in
the
property at foreclosure, or having otherwise reduced the property to ownership
or possession by agreement or process of law, after a default (or upon imminent
default) on a lease of the property or a mortgage loan held by us and secured
by
the property, (2) for which we acquired the related loan or lease was at
a time
when default was not imminent or anticipated, and (3) with respect to which
we
made a proper election to treat the property as foreclosure property. We
generally will be subject to tax at the maximum corporate rate (currently
35%)
on any net income from foreclosure property, including any gain from the
disposition of the foreclosure property, other than income that would otherwise
be qualifying income for purposes of the 75% gross income test. Any gain
from
the sale of property for which a foreclosure property election has been made
will not be subject to the 100% tax on gains from prohibited transactions
described above, even if the property would otherwise constitute inventory
or
dealer property. To the extent that we receive any income from foreclosure
property that does not qualify for purposes of the 75% gross income test,
we
intend to make an election to treat the related property as foreclosure
property.
Foreign
Investments
We
and our subsidiaries may hold investments in and pay taxes to foreign
countries. Taxes that we pay in foreign jurisdictions may not be passed through
to, or used by, our stockholders as a foreign tax credit or otherwise. Our
foreign investments might also generate foreign currency gains and losses.
Foreign currency gains are treated as income that does not qualify under
the 95%
or 75% income tests, unless certain technical requirements are met. No assurance
can be given that these technical requirements will be met in the case of
any
foreign currency gains that we recognize directly or through pass-through
subsidiaries, or that these technical requirements will not adversely affect
our
ability to satisfy the REIT qualification requirements.
Derivatives
and Hedging Transactions
We
and our subsidiaries have engaged in, and may in the future enter
into, hedging transactions with respect to interest rate exposure on one
or more
assets or liabilities. Any such hedging transactions could take a variety
of
forms, including the use of derivative instruments such as interest rate
swap
contracts, interest rate cap or floor contracts, futures or forward contracts,
and options. Effective beginning in 2005, to the extent that we or a
pass-through subsidiary enter into a hedging transaction to reduce interest
rate
risk on indebtedness incurred to acquire or carry real estate assets and
the
instrument is properly identified as a hedge along with the risk it hedges
within prescribed time periods, any periodic income from the instrument,
or gain
from the disposition of such instrument, would not be treated as gross income
for purposes of the REIT 95% gross income test, and would be treated as
non-qualifying income for the 75% gross income test. To the extent that we
hedge
in other situations (for example, against fluctuations in the value of foreign
currencies), the resultant income will be treated as income that does not
qualify under the 95% or 75% gross income tests. We intend to structure any
hedging transactions in a manner that does not jeopardize our status as a
REIT.
We may conduct some or all of our hedging activities (including hedging
activities relating to currency risk) through a TRS or other corporate entity,
the income from which may be subject to federal income tax, rather than by
participating in the arrangements directly or through pass-through subsidiaries.
No assurance can be given, however, that our hedging activities will not
give
rise to income that does not qualify for purposes of the REIT gross income
tests, or that our hedging activities will not adversely affect our ability
to
satisfy the REIT qualification requirements.
Taxable
Mortgage Pools and Excess Inclusion Income
An
entity, or a portion of an entity, may be classified as a taxable
mortgage pool (“TMP”) under the Internal Revenue Code if
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substantially
all of its assets consist of debt obligations or
interests in debt obligations,
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more
than 50% of those debt obligations are real estate mortgages
or interests in real estate mortgages as of specified testing dates,
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the
entity has issued debt obligations (liabilities) that have two
or more maturities, and
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the
payments required to be made by the entity on its debt
obligations (liabilities) “bear a relationship” to the payments to be
received by the entity on the debt obligations that it holds as assets.
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Under
regulations issued by the U.S. Treasury Department, if less than
80% of the assets of an entity (or a portion of an entity) consist of debt
obligations, these debt obligations are considered not to comprise
“substantially all” of its assets, and therefore the entity would not be treated
as a TMP. Our financing and securitization arrangements may give rise to
TMPs,
with the consequences as described below.
Where
an entity, or a portion of an entity, is classified as a TMP, it is
generally treated as a taxable corporation for federal income tax purposes.
In
the case of a REIT, or a portion of a REIT, or a disregarded subsidiary of
a
REIT, that is a TMP, however, special rules apply. The TMP is not treated
as a
corporation that is subject to corporate income tax, and the TMP classification
does not directly affect the tax status of the REIT. Rather, the consequences
of
the TMP classification would, in general, except as described below, be limited
to the stockholders of the REIT.
A
portion of the REIT’s income from the TMP arrangement, which might be
non-cash accrued income, could be treated as “excess inclusion income.” Under
recently issued IRS guidance, the REIT’s excess inclusion income, including any
excess inclusion income from a residual interest in a REMIC, must be allocated
among its stockholders in proportion to dividends paid. The REIT is required
to
notify stockholders of the amount of "excess inclusion income" allocated
to
them. A stockholder’s share of excess inclusion income:
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cannot
be offset by any net operating losses otherwise available to
the stockholder,
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is
subject to tax as unrelated business taxable income in the hands
of most types of stockholders that are otherwise generally exempt
from
federal income tax, and
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results
in the application of U.S. federal income tax withholding
at the maximum rate (30%), without reduction for any otherwise applicable
income tax treaty or other exemption, to the extent allocable to
most
types of foreign stockholders.
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See
“—Taxation
of Stockholders.” Under recently issued IRS guidance, to
the extent that excess inclusion income is allocated to a tax-exempt stockholder
of a REIT that is not subject to unrelated business income tax (such as a
government entity or charitable remainder trust), the REIT may be subject
to tax
on this income at the highest applicable corporate tax rate (currently 35%).
In
that case, the REIT could reduce distributions to such stockholders by the
amount of such tax paid by the REIT attributable to such stockholder’s
ownership. Treasury regulations provide that such a reduction in distributions
does not give rise to a preferential dividend that could adversely affect
the
REIT’s compliance with its distribution requirements. See “—Annual Distribution
Requirements.” The manner in which excess inclusion income is calculated, or
would be allocated to stockholders, including allocations among shares of
different classes of stock, is not clear under current law. As required by
IRS
guidance, we intend to make such determinations using a reasonable method.
Tax-exempt investors, foreign investors and taxpayers with net operating
losses
should carefully consider the tax consequences described above, and are urged
to
consult their tax advisors.
If
a subsidiary partnership of ours that we do not wholly-own, directly
or through one or more disregarded entities, were a TMP, the foregoing rules
would not apply. Rather, the partnership that is a TMP would be treated as
a
corporation for federal income tax purposes, and potentially would be subject
to
corporate income tax or withholding tax. In addition, this characterization
would alter our income and asset test calculations, and could adversely affect
our compliance with those requirements. We intend to monitor the structure
of
any TMPs in which we have an interest to ensure that they will not adversely
affect our status as a REIT.
Tax
Aspects of Investments in Affiliated
Partnerships
General
We
may hold investments through entities that are classified as
partnerships for federal income tax purposes. In general, partnerships are
“pass-through” entities that are not subject to federal income tax. Rather,
partners are allocated their proportionate shares of the items of income,
gain,
loss, deduction and credit of a partnership, and are potentially subject
to tax
on these items, without regard to whether the partners receive a distribution
from the partnership. We will include in our income our proportionate
share
of these partnership items for purposes of the various REIT income
tests and in computation of our REIT taxable income. Moreover, for purposes
of
the REIT asset tests, we will include in our calculations our proportionate
share of any assets held by subsidiary partnerships. Our proportionate share
of
a partnership’s assets and income is based on our capital interest in the
partnership (except that for purposes of the 10% value test with respect
to the
2005 and future taxable years, our proportionate share is based on our
proportionate interest in the equity and certain debt securities issued by
the
partnership). See “Taxation of Newcastle—Effect of Subsidiary Entities—Ownership
of Partnership Interests.”
Entity
Classification
Any
investment in partnerships involves special tax considerations,
including the possibility of a challenge by the IRS of the status of any
subsidiary partnership as a partnership, as opposed to an association taxable
as
a corporation, for federal income tax purposes (for example, if the IRS were
to
assert that a subsidiary partnership is a TMP). See “Taxation of
Newcastle—Taxable Mortgage Pools and Excess Inclusion Income.” If any of these
entities were treated as an association for federal income tax purposes,
it
would be taxable as a corporation and therefore could be subject to an
entity-level tax on its income. In such a situation, the character of our
assets
and items of gross income would change and could preclude us from satisfying
the
REIT asset tests or the gross income tests as discussed in “Taxation of
Newcastle—Asset Tests” and “—Income Tests,” and in turn could prevent us from
qualifying as a REIT, unless we are eligible for relief from the violation
pursuant to relief provisions described above. See “Taxation of Newcastle—Asset
Tests,” “—Income Test” and “—Failure to Qualify,” above, for discussion of the
effect of failure to satisfy the REIT tests for a taxable year, and of the
relief provisions. In addition, any change in the status of any subsidiary
partnership for tax purposes might be treated as a taxable event, in which
case
we could have taxable income that is subject to the REIT distribution
requirements without receiving any cash.
Tax
Allocations with Respect to Partnership Properties
Under
the Internal Revenue Code and the Treasury regulations, income,
gain, loss and deduction attributable to appreciated or depreciated property
that is contributed to a partnership in exchange for an interest in the
partnership must be allocated for tax purposes so that the contributing partner
is charged with, or benefits from, the unrealized gain or unrealized loss
associated with the property at the time of the contribution. The amount
of the
unrealized gain or unrealized loss is generally equal to the difference between
the fair market value of the contributed property at the time of contribution,
and the adjusted tax basis of such property at the time of contribution (a
“book-tax difference”). Such allocations are solely for federal income tax
purposes and do not affect the book capital accounts or other economic or
legal
arrangements among the partners.
To
the extent that any of our subsidiary partnerships acquires
appreciated (or depreciated) properties by way of capital contributions from
its
partners, allocations would need to be made in a manner consistent with these
requirements. Where a partner contributes cash to a partnership at a time
that
the partnership holds appreciated (or depreciated) property, the Treasury
regulations provide for a similar allocation of these items to the other
(i.e.,
non-contributing) partners. These rules may apply to a contribution that
we make
to any subsidiary partnerships of the cash proceeds received in offerings
of our
stock. As a result, the partners of our subsidiary partnerships, including
us,
could be allocated greater or lesser amounts of depreciation and taxable
income
in respect of a partnership’s properties than would be the case if all of the
partnership’s assets (including any contributed assets) had a tax basis equal to
their fair market values at the time of any contributions to that partnership.
This could cause us to recognize, over a period of time, taxable income in
excess of cash flow from the partnership, which might adversely affect our
ability to comply with the REIT distribution requirements discussed above.
Taxation
of Stockholders
Taxation
of Taxable Domestic Stockholders
Distributions.
As
a REIT, the distributions that
we make to our taxable domestic stockholders out of current or accumulated
earnings and profits that we do not designate as capital gain dividends will
generally be taken into account by stockholders as ordinary income and will
not
be eligible for the dividends received deduction for corporations. With limited
exceptions, our dividends are not eligible for taxation at the preferential
income tax rates (15% maximum federal rate through 2010) for qualified dividends
received by domestic stockholders that are individuals, trusts and estates
from
taxable C corporations pursuant to the 2003 Act. Such stockholders, however,
are
taxed at the preferential rates on dividends designated by and received from
REITs to the extent that the dividends are attributable to
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income
retained by the REIT in the prior taxable year on which the
REIT was subject to corporate level income tax (less the amount of
tax),
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dividends
received by the REIT from TRSs or other taxable C
corporations, or
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income
in the prior taxable year from the sales of “built-in gain”
property acquired by the REIT from C corporations in carryover basis
transactions (less the amount of corporate tax on such
income).
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Distributions
that we designate as capital gain dividends will generally
be taxed to our stockholders as long-term capital gains, to the extent that
such
distributions do not exceed our actual net capital gain for the taxable year,
without regard to the period for which the stockholder that receives such
distribution has held its stock. We may elect to retain and pay taxes on
some or
all of our net long term capital gains, in which case provisions of the Internal
Revenue Code will treat our stockholders as having received, solely for tax
purposes, our undistributed capital gains, and the stockholders will receive
a
corresponding credit for taxes that we paid on such undistributed capital
gains.
See “Taxation of Newcastle—Annual Distribution Requirements.” Corporate
stockholders may be required to treat up to 20% of some capital gain dividends
as ordinary income. Long-term capital gains are generally taxable at maximum
federal rates of 15% (through 2010) in the case of stockholders that are
individuals, trusts and estates, and 35% in the case of stockholders that
are
corporations. Capital gains attributable to the sale of depreciable real
property held for more than 12 months are subject to a 25% maximum federal
income tax rate for taxpayers who are taxed as individuals, to the extent
of
previously claimed depreciation deductions.
In
determining the extent to which a distribution constitutes a dividend
for tax purposes, our earnings and profits generally will be allocated first
to
distributions with respect to preferred stock, including our Series B Preferred
Stock and Series C Preferred Stock, and only then will any remaining earnings
and profits be allocated to distributions on our common stock. If we have
net
capital gains and designate some or all of our distributions as capital gain
dividends, the capital gain dividends will be allocated among different classes
of stock in proportion to the allocation of earnings and profits as described
above.
Distributions
in excess of our current and accumulated earnings and
profits will generally represent a return of capital and will not be taxable
to
a stockholder to the extent that the amount of such distributions do not
exceed
the adjusted basis of the stockholder’s shares in respect of which the
distributions were made. Rather, the distribution will reduce the adjusted
basis
of the shareholder's shares. To the extent that such distributions exceed
the
adjusted basis of a stockholder’s shares, the stockholder generally must include
such distributions in income as long-term capital gain, or short-term capital
gain if the shares have been held for one year or less. In addition, any
dividend that we declare in October, November or December of any year and
that
is payable to a stockholder of record on a specified date in any such month
will
be treated as both paid by us and received by the stockholder on December
31 of
such year, provided that we actually pay the dividend before the end of January
of the following calendar year.
To
the extent that we have available net operating losses and capital
losses carried forward from prior tax years, such losses may reduce the amount
of distributions that we must make in order to comply with the REIT distribution
requirements. See “Taxation of Newcastle—Annual Distribution Requirements.” Such
losses, however, are not passed through to stockholders and do not offset
income
of stockholders from other sources, nor would such losses affect the character
of any distributions that we make, which are generally subject to tax in
the
hands of stockholders to the extent that we have current or accumulated earnings
and profits.
If
excess inclusion income from a taxable mortgage pool or REMIC residual
interest is allocated to any stockholder, that income will be taxable in
the
hands of the stockholder and would not be offset by any net operating losses
of
the stockholder that would otherwise be available. See “Taxation of
Newcastle—Taxable Mortgage Pools and Excess Inclusion Income.” As required by
IRS guidance, we intend to notify our stockholders if a portion of a dividend
paid by us is attributable to excess inclusion income.
Dispositions
of Newcastle Stock. In general,
capital gains recognized by individuals, trusts and estates upon the sale
or
disposition of our stock will, pursuant to the 2003 Act, be subject to a
maximum
federal income tax rate of 15% (through 2010) if the stock is held for more
than
one year, and will be taxed at ordinary income rates (of up to 35% through
2010)
if the stock is held for one year or less. Gains recognized by stockholders
that
are corporations are subject to federal income tax at a maximum rate of 35%,
whether or not such gains are classified as long-term capital gains. Capital
losses recognized by a stockholder upon the disposition of our stock that
was
held for more than one year at the time of disposition will be considered
long-term capital losses, and are generally available only to offset capital
gain income of the stockholder but not ordinary income (except in the case
of
individuals, who may offset up to $3,000 of ordinary income each year). In
addition, any loss upon a sale or exchange of shares of our stock by a
stockholder who has held the shares for six months or less, after applying
holding period rules, will be treated as a long-term capital loss to the
extent
of distributions that we make that are required to be treated by the stockholder
as long-term capital gain.
If
an investor recognizes a loss upon a subsequent disposition of our
stock or other securities in an amount that exceeds a prescribed threshold,
it
is possible that the provisions of Treasury regulations involving “reportable
transactions” could apply, with a resulting requirement to separately disclose
the loss-generating transaction to the IRS. These regulations, though directed
towards “tax shelters,” are written quite broadly, and apply to transactions
that would not typically be considered tax shelters. The Code imposes
significant penalties for failure to comply with these requirements. You
should
consult your tax advisors concerning any possible disclosure obligation with
respect to the receipt or disposition of our stock or securities, or
transactions that we might undertake directly or indirectly. Moreover, you
should be aware that we and other participants in the transactions in which
we
are involved (including their advisors) might be subject to disclosure or
other
requirements pursuant to these regulations.
Taxation
of Foreign Stockholders
The
following is a summary of certain U.S. federal income and estate tax
consequences of the ownership and disposition of our stock applicable to
non-U.S. holders. A “non-U.S. holder” is any person other than:
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a
citizen or resident of the United States,
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a
corporation or partnership created or organized in the United
States or under the laws of the United States, or of any state thereof,
or
the District of Columbia,
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an
estate, the income of which is includable in gross income for
U.S. federal income tax purposes regardless of its source, or
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a
trust if a United States court is able to exercise primary
supervision over the administration of such trust and one or more
United
States fiduciaries have the authority to control all substantial
decisions
of the trust.
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If
a partnership, including for this purpose any entity that is treated
as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes, holds our stock, the
tax
treatment of a partner in the partnership will generally depend upon the
status
of the partner and the activities of the partnership. An investor that is
a
partnership and the partners in such partnership should consult their tax
advisors about the U.S. federal income tax consequences of the acquisition,
ownership and disposition of our stock.
The
discussion is based on current law, and is for general information
only. It addresses only selected, and not all, aspects of U.S. federal income
and estate taxation.
Ordinary
Dividends. The portion of dividends
received by non-U.S. holders that is (1) payable out of our earnings and
profits, (2) which is not attributable to our capital gains and (3) which
is not
effectively connected with a U.S. trade or business of the non-U.S. holder,
will
be subject to U.S. withholding tax at the rate of 30%, unless reduced or
eliminated by treaty. Reduced treaty rates and other exemptions are not
available to the extent that income is attributable to excess inclusion income
allocable to the foreign stockholder. Accordingly, we will withhold at a
rate of
30% on any portion of a dividend that is paid to a non-U.S. holder and
attributable to that holder's share of our excess inclusion income. See
“Taxation of Newcastle—Taxable Mortgage Pools and Excess Inclusion Income.” As
required by IRS guidance, we intend to notify our stockholders if a portion
of a
dividend paid by us is attributable to excess inclusion income.
In
general, non-U.S. holders will not be considered to be engaged in a
U.S. trade or business solely as a result of their ownership of our stock.
In
cases where the dividend income from a non-U.S. holder’s investment in our stock
is, or is treated as, effectively connected with the non-U.S. holder’s conduct
of a U.S. trade or business, the non-U.S. holder generally will be subject
to
U.S. federal income tax at graduated rates, in the same manner as domestic
stockholders are taxed with respect to such dividends. Such income must
generally be reported on a U.S. income tax return filed by or on behalf of
the
non-U.S. holder. The income may also be subject to the 30% branch profits
tax in
the case of a non-U.S. holder that is a corporation.
Non-Dividend
Distributions. Unless our stock
constitutes a USRPI, distributions that we make which are not dividends out
of
our earnings and profits will not be subject to U.S. income tax. If we cannot
determine at the time a distribution is made whether or not the distribution
will exceed current and accumulated earnings and profits, the distribution
will
be subject to withholding at the rate applicable to dividends. The non-U.S.
holder may seek a refund from the IRS of any amounts withheld if it is
subsequently determined that the distribution was, in fact, in excess of
our
current and accumulated earnings and profits. If our stock constitutes a
USRPI,
as described below, distributions that we make in excess of the sum of (a)
the
stockholder's proportionate share of our earnings and profits, plus (b) the
stockholder’s basis in its stock, will be taxed under FIRPTA at the rate of tax,
including any applicable capital gains rates, that would apply to a domestic
stockholder of the same type (e.g., an individual or a corporation, as the
case
may be), and the collection of the tax will be enforced by a refundable
withholding tax at a rate of 10% of the amount by which the distribution
exceeds
the stockholder’s share of our earnings and profits.
Capital
Gain Dividends. Under the Foreign
Investment in Real Property Tax Act of 1980 (“FIRPTA”), a dividend that we make
to a non-U.S. holder, to the extent attributable to gains from dispositions
of
U.S. real property interests ("USRPIs") that we held directly or through
pass-through subsidiaries (such gains, "USRPI capital gains"), will, except
as
described below, be considered effectively connected with a U.S. trade or
business of the non-U.S. holder and will be subject to U.S. income tax at
the
rates applicable to U.S. individuals or corporations. We will be required
to
withhold tax equal to 35% of the maximum amount that could have been designated
as a capital gain dividend. A
dividend
will not be so treated or be subject to FIRPTA, and generally
will not be treated as income that is effectively connected with a U.S. trade
or
business, provided that (1) the dividend is received with respect to a class
of
stock that is regularly traded on an established securities market located
in
the United States, and (2) the recipient non-U.S. holder does not own more
than
5% of that class of stock at any time during the year ending on the date
on
which the dividend is received. We anticipate that our common stock will
be
“regularly traded” on an established securities exchange.
Dispositions
of Newcastle Stock. Unless our stock
constitutes a USRPI, a sale of our stock by a non-U.S. holder generally will
not
be subject to U.S. taxation under FIRPTA. Our stock will not be treated as
a
USRPI if less than 50% of our assets throughout a prescribed testing period
consist of interests in real property located within the United States,
excluding, for this purpose, interests in real property solely in a capacity
as
a creditor. It is not currently anticipated that our stock will constitute
a
USRPI.
Even
if the foregoing 50% test is not met, our stock nonetheless will not
constitute a USRPI if we are a “domestically-controlled qualified investment
entity.” A domestically-controlled qualified investment entity includes a REIT,
less than 50% of value of which is held directly or indirectly by non-U.S.
holders at all times during a specified testing period. We believe that we
are,
and we expect to continue to be, a domestically-controlled qualified investment
entity, and that a sale of our stock should not be subject to taxation under
FIRPTA. No assurance can be given that we will remain a domestically-controlled
qualified investment entity.
In
the event that we are not a domestically-controlled qualified
investment entity, but our stock is “regularly traded,” as defined by applicable
Treasury Department regulations, on an established securities market, a non-U.S.
holder’s sale of our stock nonetheless would not be subject to tax under FIRPTA
as a sale of a USRPI, provided that the selling non-U.S. holder held 5% or
less
of our stock at all times during a specified testing period. Our stock is,
and
we expect that it will continue to be, publicly traded.
If
gain on the sale of our stock were subject to taxation under FIRPTA,
the non-U.S. holder would be required to file a U.S. federal income tax return
and would be subject to the same treatment as a U.S. stockholder with respect
to
such gain, subject to applicable alternative minimum tax and a special
alternative minimum tax in the case of non-resident alien individuals, and
the
purchaser of the stock could be required to withhold 10% of the purchase
price
and remit such amount to the IRS.
Gain
from the sale of our stock that would not otherwise be subject to
FIRPTA will nonetheless be taxable in the United States to a non-U.S. holder
in
two cases: (1) if the non-U.S. holder’s investment in our stock is effectively
connected with a U.S. trade or business conducted by such non-U.S. holder,
the
non-U.S. holder will be subject to the same treatment as a U.S. stockholder
with
respect to such gain, or (2) if the non-U.S. holder is a nonresident alien
individual who was present in the United States for 183 days or more during
the
taxable year and has a “tax home” in the United States, the nonresident alien
individual will be subject to a 30% tax on the individual’s capital
gain.
Estate
Tax. If our stock is owned or treated as
owned by an individual who is not a citizen or resident (as specially defined
for U.S. federal estate tax purposes) of the United States at the time of
such
individual's death, the stock will be includable in the individual’s gross
estate for U.S. federal estate tax purposes, unless an applicable estate
tax
treaty provides otherwise, and may therefore be subject to U.S. federal estate
tax.
Taxation
of Tax-Exempt Stockholders
Tax-exempt
entities, including qualified employee pension and profit
sharing trusts and individual retirement accounts, generally are exempt from
federal income taxation. Such entities, however, may be subject to taxation
on
their unrelated business taxable income (“UBTI”). While some investments in real
estate may generate UBTI, the IRS has ruled that dividend distributions from
a
REIT
to
a tax-exempt entity do not constitute UBTI. Based on that ruling, and
provided that (1) a tax-exempt stockholder has not held our stock as “debt
financed property” within the meaning of the Internal Revenue Code (i.e., where
the acquisition or holding of the property is financed through a borrowing
by
the tax-exempt stockholder), and (2) our stock is not otherwise used in an
unrelated trade or business, distributions that we make and income from the
sale
of our stock generally should not give rise to UBTI to a tax-exempt
stockholder.
To
the extent that we are (or a part of us, or a disregarded subsidiary
of ours is) a TMP, or if we hold residual interests in a REMIC, a portion
of the
dividends paid to a tax-exempt stockholder that is allocable to excess inclusion
income may be treated as UBTI. If, however, excess inclusion income is allocable
to some categories of tax-exempt stockholders that are not subject to UBTI,
we
might be subject to corporate level tax on such income, and, in that case,
may
reduce the amount of distributions to those stockholders whose ownership
gave
rise to the tax. See “Taxation of Newcastle—Taxable Mortgage Pools and Excess
Inclusion Income.” As required by IRS guidance, we intend to notify our
stockholders if a portion of a dividend paid by us is attributable to excess
inclusion income.
Tax-exempt
stockholders that are social clubs, voluntary employee benefit
associations, supplemental unemployment benefit trusts, and qualified group
legal services plans exempt from federal income taxation under sections
501(c)(7), (c)(9), (c)(17) and (c)(20) of the Internal Revenue Code are subject
to different UBTI rules, which generally require such stockholders to
characterize distributions that we make as UBTI.
In
certain circumstances, a pension trust that owns more than 10% of our
stock could be required to treat a percentage of the dividends as UBTI, if
we
are a “pension-held REIT.” We will not be a pension-held REIT unless (1) we are
required to "look through" one or more of our pension stockholders in order
to
satisfy the REIT closely held test and (2) either (i) one pension trust owns
more than 25% of the value of our stock, or (ii) a group of pension trusts,
each
individually holding more than 10% of the value of our stock, collectively
owns
more than 50% of our stock. Certain restrictions on ownership and transfer
of
our stock should generally prevent a tax-exempt entity from owning more than
10%
of the value of our stock, and should generally prevent us from becoming
a
pension-held REIT.
Tax-exempt
stockholders are urged to consult their tax advisors regarding
the federal, state, local and foreign income and other tax consequences of
owning Newcastle stock.
Other
Tax Considerations
Legislative
or Other Actions Affecting REITs
The
rules dealing with federal income taxation are constantly under
review by persons involved in the legislative process and by the IRS and
the
U.S. Treasury Department. Changes to the federal tax laws and interpretations
thereof could adversely affect an investment in our stock.
The
American Jobs Creation Act of 2004 contains a number of provisions
that affect the tax treatment of REITs and their stockholders, many of which
apply retroactively to 2001. As discussed above, the 2004 Act includes
provisions that generally ease compliance with certain REIT asset requirements,
with the REIT 95% gross income requirement (in connection with income from
hedging activities), and which grant relief in cases involving violations
of the
REIT asset and other requirements, provided that specified conditions are
met.
See “Taxation of Newcastle—Requirements for Qualification—General,” “—Asset
Tests,” “—Income Tests” and “—Failure to Qualify.” The 2004 Act also alters the
tax treatment of capital gain dividends received by foreign stockholders
in some
cases. See “Taxation of Stockholders—Taxation of Foreign Stockholders—Capital
Gain Dividends.”
State,
Local and Foreign Taxes
We
and our subsidiaries and stockholders may be subject to state, local
or foreign taxation in various jurisdictions, including those in which we
or
they transact business, own property or reside. We may own properties located
in
numerous jurisdictions, and may be required to file tax returns in some or
all
of those jurisdictions. Our state, local or foreign tax treatment and that
of
our stockholders may not conform to the federal income tax treatment discussed
above. We may pay foreign property taxes, and dispositions of foreign property
or operations involving, or investments in, foreign property may give rise
to
foreign income or other tax liability in amounts that could be substantial.
Any
foreign taxes that we incur do not pass through to stockholders as a credit
against their U.S. federal income tax liability. Prospective investors should
consult their tax advisors regarding the application and effect of state,
local
and foreign income and other tax laws on an investment in our stock or other
securities.
ERISA
CONSIDERATIONS
A
plan fiduciary considering an investment in the securities should
consider, among other things, whether such an investment might constitute
or
give rise to a prohibited transaction under ERISA, the Internal Revenue Code
or
any substantially similar federal, state or local law. ERISA and the Internal
Revenue Code impose restrictions on:
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employee
benefit plans as defined in Section 3(3) of ERISA that are
subject to Title I of ERISA,
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•
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plans
described in Section 4975(e)(1) of the Internal Revenue Code,
including retirement accounts and Keogh Plans that are subject to
Section
4975 of the Internal Revenue Code,
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•
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entities
whose underlying assets include plan assets by reason of a
plan’s investment in such entities including, without limitation,
insurance company general accounts, and
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persons
who have certain specified relationships to a plan
described as “parties in interest” under ERISA and “disqualified persons”
under the Internal Revenue Code.
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Regulation
Under ERISA and the Internal Revenue Code
ERISA
imposes certain duties on persons who are fiduciaries of a plan.
Under ERISA, any person who exercises any authority or control over the
management or disposition of a plan’s assets is considered to be a fiduciary of
that plan. Both ERISA and the Internal Revenue Code prohibit certain
transactions involving “plan assets” between a plan and parties in interest or
disqualified persons. Violations of these rules may result in the imposition
of
an excise tax or penalty.
Under
Section 3(42) of ERISA and 29 C.F.R. 2510.3-101 (the “Plan Assets
Rules”), a plan’s assets may be deemed to include an interest in the underlying
assets of an entity if the plan acquires an “equity interest” in such an entity.
In that event, the operations of such an entity could result in a prohibited
transaction under ERISA and the Internal Revenue Code.
Regulation
Issued by the Department of Labor
Under
the Plan Assets Rules, if a plan acquires a “publicly-offered
security,” the issuer of the security is not deemed to hold plan assets. A
publicly-offered security is a security that:
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is
freely transferable,
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is
part of a class of securities that is owned by 100 or more
investors independent of the issuer and of one another, and
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(i)
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part
of a class of securities registered under Section 12(b) or
12(g) of the Exchange Act, or
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(ii)
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sold
to the plan as part of an offering of securities to the public
pursuant to an effective registration statement under the Securities
Act
and the class of securities of which such security is part is registered
under the Exchange Act within the requisite time.
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The
Shares of Our Common Stock, Series B Preferred Stock and Series C
Preferred Stock as “Publicly-Offered Securities”
Our
common stock, Series B Preferred Stock and Series C Preferred Stock
currently meet the above criteria and it is anticipated that the shares of
our
common stock being offered hereby will continue to meet the criteria of
publicly-offered securities.
Applicability
of other exceptions to the Plan Asset Regulation with
respect to other securities offered hereby will be discussed in the respective
prospectus supplement.
General
Investment Considerations
Prospective
fiduciaries of a plan (including, without limitation, an
entity whose assets include plan assets, including, as applicable, an insurance
company general account) considering the purchase of securities should consult
with their legal advisors concerning the impact of ERISA and the Internal
Revenue Code and the potential consequences of making an investment in these
securities with respect to their specific circumstances. Each plan fiduciary
should take into account, among other considerations:
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whether
the plan’s investment could give rise to a non-exempt
prohibited transaction under Title I of ERISA or Section 4975 of
the
Internal Revenue Code,
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whether
the fiduciary has the authority to make the investment,
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the
composition of the plan’s portfolio with respect to
diversification by type of asset,
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the
plan’s funding objectives,
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the
tax effects of the investment,
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•
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whether
our assets would be considered plan assets, and
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•
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whether,
under the general fiduciary standards of investment
prudence and diversification an investment in these shares is appropriate
for the plan taking into account the overall investment policy of
the plan
and the composition of the plan’s investment portfolio.
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Certain
employee benefit plans, such as governmental plans and certain
church plans are not subject to the provisions of Title I of ERISA and Section
4975 of the Internal Revenue Code. Accordingly, assets of such plans may
be
invested in the securities without regard to the ERISA considerations described
here, subject to the provisions of any other applicable federal and state
law.
It should be noted that any such plan that is qualified and exempt from taxation
under the Internal Revenue Code is subject to the prohibited transaction
rules
set forth in the Internal Revenue Code.
PLAN
OF DISTRIBUTION
We
may sell the common stock, preferred stock, depositary shares, any
series of debt securities or warrants being offered hereby in one or more
of the
following ways from time to time:
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to
underwriters or dealers for resale to the public or to
institutional investors;
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directly
to institutional investors;
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directly
to a limited number of purchasers or to a single
purchaser;
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through
agents to the public or to institutional investors;
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directly
on the NYSE or another securities exchange;
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to
or through a market maker other than on a securities exchange;
or
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through
a combination of any of these methods of sale.
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The
prospectus supplement with respect to each series of securities will
state the terms of the offering of the securities, including:
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the
offering terms, including the name or names of any
underwriters, dealers or agents;
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•
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the
purchase price of the securities and the net proceeds to be
received by us from the sale;
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any
underwriting discounts or agency fees and other items
constituting underwriters’ or agents’ compensation;
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any
public offering price;
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any
discounts or concessions allowed or reallowed or paid to
dealers; and
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any
securities exchange on which the securities may be listed.
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If
we use underwriters or dealers in the sale, the securities will be
acquired by the underwriters or dealers for their own account and may be
resold
from time to time in one or more transactions, including:
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privately
negotiated transactions;
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at
a fixed public offering price or prices, which may be changed;
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in
“at
the market offerings” within the meaning of Rule 415(a)(4)
of the Securities Act;
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at
prices related to prevailing market prices; or
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Any
public offering price and any discounts or concessions allowed or
reallowed or paid to dealers may be changed from time to time.
If
underwriters are used in the sale of any securities, the securities
may be offered either to the public through underwriting syndicates represented
by managing underwriters, or directly by underwriters. Generally, the
underwriters’ obligations to purchase the securities will be subject to certain
conditions
precedent.
The underwriters will be obligated to purchase all of the
securities if they purchase any of the securities.
In
connection with an offering of securities, the underwriters may
purchase and sell securities in the open market. These transactions may include
over-allotment, syndicate covering transactions, stabilizing transactions
and
penalty bids. Over-allotment involves sales of securities in excess of the
principal amount of securities to be purchased by the underwriters in an
offering, which creates a short position for the underwriters. Covering
transactions involve purchases of the securities in the open market after
the
distribution has been completed in order to cover short positions. Stabilizing
transactions consist of certain bids or purchases of securities made for
the
purpose of preventing or retarding a decline in the market price of the
securities while the offering is in progress. Penalty bids permit the
underwriters to reclaim a selling concession from a syndicate member when
the
securities originally sold by the syndicate member are purchased in a syndicate
covering transaction to cover syndicate short positions. Any of these activities
may have the effect of preventing or retarding a decline in the market price
of
the securities being offered. They may also cause the price of the securities
being offered to be higher than the price that otherwise would exist in the
open
market in the absence of these transactions. The underwriters may conduct
these
transactions in the over-the-counter market or otherwise. If the underwriters
commence any of these transactions, they may discontinue them at any
time.
If
indicated in an applicable prospectus supplement, we may sell the
securities through agents from time to time. The applicable prospectus
supplement will name any agent involved in the offer or sale of the securities
and any commissions we pay to them. Generally, any agent will be acting on
a
best efforts basis for the period of its appointment. We may authorize
underwriters, dealers or agents to solicit offers by certain purchasers to
purchase the securities from us at the public offering price set forth in
the
applicable prospectus supplement pursuant to delayed delivery contracts
providing for payment and delivery on a specified date in the future. The
delayed delivery contracts will be subject only to those conditions set forth
in
the applicable prospectus supplement, and the applicable prospectus supplement
will set forth any commissions we pay for solicitation of these delayed delivery
contracts.
Offered
securities may also be offered and sold, if so indicated in the
applicable prospectus supplement, in connection with a remarketing upon their
purchase, in accordance with a redemption or repayment pursuant to their
terms,
or otherwise, by one or more remarketing firms, acting as principals for
their
own accounts or as agents for us. Any remarketing firm will be identified
and
the terms of its agreements, if any, with us and its compensation will be
described in the applicable prospectus supplement.
Agents,
underwriters and other third parties described above may be
entitled to indemnification by us against certain civil liabilities under
the
Securities Act, or to contribution with respect to payments which the agents
or
underwriters may be required to make in respect thereof. Agents, underwriters
and such other third parties may be customers of, engage in transactions
with,
or perform services for us in the ordinary course of business.
Each
series of securities will be a new issue of securities and will have
no established trading market, other than our common stock, Series B Preferred
Stock and Series C Preferred Stock, which are listed on the New York Stock
Exchange. Any common stock, Series B Preferred Stock or Series C Preferred
Stock
sold will be listed on the New York Stock Exchange, upon official notice
of
issuance. The securities other than the common stock, Series B Preferred
Stock
and Series C Preferred Stock may or may not be listed on a national securities
exchange. Any underwriters to whom securities are sold by us for public offering
and sale may make a market in the securities, but such underwriters will
not be
obligated to do so and may discontinue any market making at any time without
notice.
Certain
of the underwriters, dealers or agents and their associates may
engage in transactions with, and perform services for, us and our affiliates
in
the ordinary course of business for which they may receive customary fees
and
expenses.
LEGAL
MATTERS
Unless
otherwise indicated in the applicable prospectus supplement,
certain legal matters will be passed upon for us by Skadden, Arps, Slate,
Meagher & Flom LLP, New York, New York and DLA Piper US LLP, Baltimore,
Maryland. If legal matters in connection with offerings made pursuant to
this
prospectus are passed upon by counsel for the underwriters, dealers or agents,
if any, such counsel will be named in the prospectus supplement relating
to such
offering.
EXPERTS
The
consolidated financial statements of Newcastle Investment Corp.,
appearing in Newcastle Investment Corp.’s Annual Report (Form 10-K) for the year
ended December 31, 2005, and Newcastle Investment Corp. management’s assessment
of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting as of December
31, 2005 included therein, have been audited by Ernst & Young LLP,
independent registered public accounting firm, as set forth in their reports
thereon, included therein, and incorporated herein by reference. Such
consolidated financial statements and management’s assessment are incorporated
herein by reference in reliance upon such reports given on the authority
of such
firm as experts in accounting and auditing.
PART
II
INFORMATION
NOT REQUIRED IN PROSPECTUS
ITEM
14. OTHER EXPENSES OF ISSUANCE AND DISTRIBUTION.
The
expenses relating to the registration of the securities will be borne
by the Registrant. The following expenses, with the exception of the Securities
and Exchange Commission Registration Fee, are estimates.
Securities
and Exchange Commission Registration Fee
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$
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(1)
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Trustee
Fees and Expenses
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$
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20,000*
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Printing
and Engraving Fees and Expenses
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$
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150,000*
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Accounting
Fees and Expenses
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$
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500,000*
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Legal
Fees
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$
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325,000*
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Miscellaneous
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$
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50,000*
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Total
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$
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1,045,000*
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_______________
*
Estimated
(1)
Deferred in accordance with Rule 456(b) and 457(r) of the Securities
Act of 1933, as amended, except for the registration fees applied in accordance
with Rule 457(p) as described in footnote (2) to the “Calculation of
Registration Fee” Table.
ITEM
15. INDEMNIFICATION OF DIRECTORS AND OFFICERS.
Maryland
law permits a Maryland corporation to include in its charter a
provision limiting the liability of its directors and officers to the
corporation and its stockholders for money damages except for liability
resulting from (a) actual receipt of an improper benefit or profit in money,
property or services or (b) active and deliberate dishonesty established
by a
final judgment and which is material to the cause of action. The Company’s
Charter contains such a provision which eliminates directors’ and officers’
liability to the maximum extent permitted by Maryland law.
The
Charter authorizes the Company, to the maximum extent permitted by
Maryland law, to indemnify any present or former director or officer or any
individual who, while a director of the Company and at the request of the
Company, serves or has served another corporation, real estate investment
trust,
partnership, joint venture, trust, employee benefit plan or other enterprise
as
a director, officer, partner or trustee, from and against any claim or liability
to which that person may become subject or which that person may incur by
reason
of his or her status as a present or former director or officer of the Company
and to pay or reimburse their reasonable expenses in advance of final
disposition of a proceeding. The Bylaws obligate the Company, to the maximum
extent permitted by Maryland law, to indemnify any present or former director
or
officer or any individual who, while a director of the Company and at the
request of the Company, serves or has served another corporation, real estate
investment trust, partnership, joint venture, trust, employee benefit plan
or
other enterprise as a director, officer, partner or trustee and who is made
a
party to the proceeding by reason of his or her service in that capacity
from
and against any claim or liability to which that person may become subject
or
which that person may incur by reason of his or her status as a present or
former director or officer of the Company and to pay or reimburse their
reasonable expenses in advance of final disposition of a proceeding. The
Charter
and the Bylaws also permit the Company to indemnify and advance expenses
to any
person who served a predecessor of the Company in any of the capacities
described above and any employee or agent of the Company or a predecessor
of the
Company.
Maryland
law requires a corporation (unless its charter provides
otherwise, which the Company’s charter does not) to indemnify a director or
officer who has been successful in the defense of any
proceeding
to which he or she is made a party by reason of his or her
service in that capacity or in the defense of any claim, issue or matter
in any
such proceeding. Maryland law permits a corporation to indemnify its present
and
former directors and officers, among others, against judgments, penalties,
fines, settlements and reasonable expenses actually incurred by them in
connection with any proceeding to which they may be made a party by reason
of
their service in those capacities unless it is established that (a) the act
or
omission of the director or officer was material to the matter giving rise
to
the proceeding and (i) was committed in bad faith or (ii) was the result
of
active and deliberate dishonesty, (b) the director or officer actually received
an improper personal benefit in money, property or services or (c) in the
case
of any criminal proceeding, the director or officer had reasonable cause
to
believe that the act or omission was unlawful. However, under Maryland law,
a
Maryland corporation may not indemnify for an adverse judgment in a suit
by or
in the right of the corporation or for a judgment of liability on the basis
that
personal benefit was improperly received, unless in either case a court orders
indemnification and then only for expenses. In addition, Maryland law permits
a
corporation to advance reasonable expenses to a director or officer upon
the
corporation’s receipt of (a) a written affirmation by the director or officer of
his or her good faith belief that he or she has met the standard of conduct
necessary for indemnification by the corporation and (b) a written undertaking
by him or her or on his or her behalf to repay the amount paid or reimbursed
by
the corporation if it is ultimately determined that the standard of conduct
was
not met.
Insofar
as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities
Act may be permitted to directors, officers or persons controlling the
registrant pursuant to the foregoing provisions, the registrant has been
informed that in the opinion of the Securities and Exchange Commission such
indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act
and
is therefore unenforceable.
ITEM
16. LIST OF EXHIBITS.
The
Exhibits to this registration statement are listed in the Index to
Exhibits and are incorporated herein by reference.
ITEM
17. UNDERTAKINGS.
(a)
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The
undersigned registrant hereby
undertakes:
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(1) To
file, during any period in which offers or sales are being made, a
post-effective amendment to this registration statement:
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(i)
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To
include any prospectus required by Section 10(a)(3) of the
Securities Act of 1933;
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(ii)
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To
reflect in the prospectus any facts or events arising after the
effective date of the registration statement (or the most recent
post-effective amendment thereof) which, individually or in the aggregate,
represent a fundamental change in the information set forth in the
registration statement. Notwithstanding the foregoing, any increase
or
decrease in volume of securities offered (if the total dollar value
of
securities offered would not exceed that which was registered) and
any
deviation from the low or high end of the estimated maximum offering
range
may be reflected in the form of prospectus filed with the Commission
pursuant to Rule 424(b) if, in the aggregate, the changes in volume
and
price represent no more than a 20 percent change in the maximum aggregate
offering price set forth in the “Calculation of Registration Fee” table in
the effective registration statement; and
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(iii)
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To
include any material information with respect to the plan of
distribution not previously disclosed in the registration statement
or any
material change to such information in the registration statement;
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provided,
however, that paragraphs (a)1(i) and (a)1(ii) do not apply if
the information required to be included in a post-effective amendment by
those
paragraphs is contained in periodic reports filed with or furnished to the
Commission by the registrant pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the
Securities Exchange Act of 1934 that are incorporated by reference in the
registration statement, or is contained in a form of prospectus filed pursuant
to Rule 424(b) that is part of the registration statement.
(2) That,
for the purpose of determining any liability under the Securities Act of
1933,
each such post-effective amendment shall be deemed to be a new registration
statement relating to the securities offered therein, and the offering of
such
securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering
thereof.
(3) To
remove from registration by means of a post-effective amendment any of the
securities being registered which remain unsold at the termination of the
offering.
(4) That,
for the purpose of determining liability under the Securities Act of 1933
to any
purchaser:
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(i)
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Each
prospectus filed by a registrant pursuant to Rule 424(b)(3)
shall be deemed to be part of the registration statement as of the
date
the filed prospectus was deemed part of and included in the registration
statement; and
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(ii)
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Each
prospectus required to be filed pursuant to Rule 424(b)(2),
(b)(5) or (b)(7) as part of a registration statement in reliance
on Rule
430B relating to an offering made pursuant to Rule 415(a)(1)(i),
(vii) or
(x) for the purpose of providing the information required by Section
10(a)
of the Securities Act of 1933 shall be deemed to be part of and included
in the registration statement as of the earlier of the date such
form of
prospectus is first used after effectiveness or the date of the first
contract of sale of securities in the offering described in the
prospectus. As provided in Rule 430B, for liability purposes of the
issuer
and any person that is at that date an underwriter, such date shall
be
deemed to be a new effective date of the registration statement relating
to the securities in the registration statement to which the prospectus
relates, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be
deemed
to be the initial bona fide offering thereof. Provided, however,
that no
statement made in a registration statement or prospectus that is
part of
the registration statement or made in a document incorporated or
deemed
incorporated by reference into the registration statement or prospectus
that is part of the registration statement will, as to a purchaser
with a
time of contract of sale prior to such effective date, supersede
or modify
any statement that was made in the registration statement or prospectus
that was part of the registration statement or made in any such document
immediately prior to such effective date.
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(5) The
undersigned registrant hereby undertakes that, for the purpose of determining
liability of the registrant under the Securities Act of 1933 to any purchaser
in
the initial distribution of the securities, the undersigned registrant
undertakes that in a primary offering of securities of the undersigned
registrant pursuant to this registration statement, regardless of the
underwriting method used to sell the securities to the purchaser, if the
securities are offered or sold to such purchaser by means of any of the
following communications, the undersigned registrant will be a seller to
the
purchaser and will be considered to offer or sell such securities to such
purchaser:
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(i)
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Any
preliminary prospectus or prospectus of the undersigned
registrant relating to the offering required to be filed pursuant
to Rule
424;
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(ii)
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Any
free writing prospectus relating to the offering prepared by or
on behalf of the undersigned registrant or used or referred to by
the
undersigned registrant;
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(iii)
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The
portion of any other free writing prospectus relating to the
offering containing material information about the undersigned registrant
or its securities provided by or on behalf of the undersigned registrant;
and
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(iv)
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Any
other communication that is an offer in the offering made by
the undersigned registrant to the
purchaser.
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(b) The
undersigned registrant hereby undertakes that, for purposes of determining
any
liability under the Securities Act of 1933, each filing of the registrant’s
annual report pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange
Act
of 1934 (and, where applicable, each filing of an employee benefit plan’s annual
report pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934)
that is
incorporated by reference in the registration statement shall be deemed to
be a
new registration statement relating to the securities offered therein, and
the
offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial
bona
fide offering thereof.
(c) Insofar
as
indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act of 1933
may be
permitted to directors, officers and controlling persons of the registrant
pursuant to the provisions described under Item 15 above, or otherwise, the
registrant has been advised that in the opinion of the Commission such
indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act
of
1933 and is, therefore, unenforceable. In the event that a claim for
indemnification against such liabilities (other than the payment by a registrant
of expenses incurred or paid by a director, officer or controlling person
of a
registrant in the successful defense of any action, suit or proceeding) is
asserted by such director, officer or controlling person in connection with
the
securities being registered, that registrant will, unless in the opinion
of its
counsel the matter has been settled by controlling precedent, submit to a
court
of appropriate jurisdiction the question whether such indemnification by
it is
against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act of 1933 and will
be
governed by the final adjudication of such issue.
SIGNATURES
Pursuant
to the requirements of the Securities Act, the Registrant
certifies that it has reasonable grounds to believe that it meets all the
requirements for filing on Form S-3 and has duly caused this Registration
Statement to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly
authorized, in the City of New York, State of New York, on February 22,
2007.
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NEWCASTLE
INVESTMENT CORP.
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By:
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/s/ KENNETH
M. RIIS
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Name:
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Kenneth
M. Riis
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Title:
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President
and Chief Executive
Officer
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KNOW
ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS that the individuals whose signature
appear below constitute and appoint Kenneth M. Riis to be his or her lawful
attorney-in-fact and agent with full and several power of substitution, for
him
or her and his or her name, place and stead, in any and all capacities, to
sign
any and all amendments (including post-effective amendments) to this
Registration Statement, and to file the same, with all exhibits thereto,
and all
documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission,
granting unto said attorney-in-fact and agent full power and authority to
do and
perform each and every act and thing requisite and necessary to be done in
and
about the premises, as fully to all intents and purposes as he or she might
or
could do in person, hereby ratifying and confirming all that said
attorney-in-fact and agent, or his substitute, may lawfully do or cause to
be
done.
Pursuant
to the requirements of the Securities Act, this Registration
Statement has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the
registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.
NAME
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TITLE
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DATE
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/s/
WESLEY R. EDENS
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Chairman
of the Board
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February
22, 2007
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Wesley
R. Edens
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/s/
KENNETH M. RIIS
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President,
Chief Executive
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February
22, 2007
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Kenneth
M. Riis
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Officer
and Director (Principal Executive
Officer)
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/s/
DEBRA A. HESS
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Chief
Financial Officer
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February
22, 2007
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Debra
A. Hess
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(Principal
Financial and Accounting
Officer)
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/s/
KEVIN J. FINNERTY
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Director
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February
22, 2007
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Kevin
J. Finnerty
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/s/
STUART A. MCFARLAND
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Director
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February
22, 2007
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Stuart
A. McFarland
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/s/
DAVID K. MCKOWN
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Director
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February
22, 2007
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David
K. McKown
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/s/
PETER M. MILLER
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Director
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February
22, 2007
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Peter
M. Miller
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EXHIBIT
INDEX
EXHIBIT
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1.1*
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Form
of Underwriting Agreement for common stock, preferred stock,
warrants or debt securities to be filed as an exhibit to a Current
Report
of the Company on Form 8-K and incorporated by reference
herein.
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3.1
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Articles
of Amendment and Restatement of the Registrant
(incorporated by reference to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on
Form S-11 (File No. 333-90578, Exhibit
3.1).
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3.2
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Articles
Supplementary relating to the Series B Preferred Stock
(incorporated by reference to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form
10-Q for the period ended March 31, 2003, filed with the Commission
on May
13, 2003, Exhibit 3.3).
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3.3
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Articles
Supplementary relating to the Series C Preferred Stock
(incorporated by reference to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K,
Exhibit 3.3, filed on October 25, 2005).
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3.4*
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Form
of any Articles Supplementary with respect to any preferred
stock issued hereunder to be filed as an exhibit to a Current Report
of
the Company on Form 8-K and incorporated by reference
herein.
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3.5
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Amended
and Restated Bylaws (incorporated by reference to the
Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K, Exhibit 3.1, filed on May
5,
2006).
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4.1
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Form
of Certificate for common stock (incorporated by reference to
the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-11 (File No. 33-90578,
Exhibit 4.1).
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4.2
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Form
of Indenture to be entered into by Newcastle Investment Corp.
and LaSalle Bank National Association, as
trustee.
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4.3
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Form
of any Note with respect to each particular series of Notes
issued under the Indenture (included in Exhibit
4.2).
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4.4*
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Form
of any preferred stock certificate to be filed as an exhibit
to a Current Report of the Company on Form 8-K and incorporated by
reference herein.
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4.5*
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Form
of Debt Warrant Agreement.
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4.6*
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Form
of Debt Warrant Certificate.
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4.7*
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Form
of Stock Warrant Agreement.
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4.8*
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Form
of Stock Warrant Certificate.
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4.9*
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Form
of Deposit Agreement.
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4.10*
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Form
of Depositary Receipt.
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4.11
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Rights
Agreement between the Registrant and American Stock Transfer
& Trust Company, as Rights Agent (incorporated by reference to the
Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended September
30, 2002, filed with the Commission on November 22, 2002, Exhibit
4.1).
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5.1
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Opinion
of DLA Piper US LLP as to
legality.
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5.2
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Opinion
of Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom LLP as to
legality.
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8.1
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Opinion
of Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom LLP as to
certain tax matters.
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10.1
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Amended
and Restated Management and Advisory Agreement by and among
the Registrant and FIG LLC (formerly known as Fortress Investment
Group
LLC), dated June 23, 2003 (incorporated by reference to the Registrant’s
Registration Statement on Form S-11 (File No. 106135, Exhibit
10.1).
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10.2
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Investment
Guidelines (incorporated by reference to the
Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-11 (File No. 33-90578)
Exhibit 10.3).
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10.3
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Newcastle
Investment Corp. Nonqualified Stock Option and Incentive
Award Plan Amended and Restated Effective as of February 11, 2004
(incorporated by reference to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K
for the year ended December 31, 2005, filed with the Commission on
March
16, 2006, Exhibit 10.2).
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12.1
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Statement
of Computation of Ratio of Earnings to Fixed Charges and
Ratio of Earnings to Combined Fixed Charges and Preferred Stock
Dividends.
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21.1
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Subsidiaries
of the Registrant (incorporated by reference to the
Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31,
2005, filed with the Commission on March 16, 2006, Exhibit
21.1).
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23.1
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Consent
of Ernst & Young LLP, independent
accountants.
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23.2
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Consent
of DLA Piper US LLP (included in Exhibit
5.1).
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23.3
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Consent
of Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom LLP (included
in Exhibit 5.2).
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23.4
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Consent
of Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom LLP as to
certain tax matters (included in Exhibit
8.1).
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25.1
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Statement
of Eligibility on Form T-1 of the Trustee under the
Indenture pursuant to the Trust Indenture Act of 1939, as
amended.
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*
To be filed by amendment or as an exhibit to a document to be
incorporated by reference, if applicable.